Hypercholesterolemia Essay

An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

Capingana, D. P., Magalhaes, P., Silca, A. T., Goncalves, M. A., Baldo, M. P., Rodrigues, S. L. (2013). Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and socioeconomic level among public-sector workers in Angola. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-9. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-732

Liver is known as the metabolic port of entry for any endobiotic and xenobiotic substance. The anabolism and catabolism of most of the nutrients are in major performed by the liver. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism by the liver is of significance as the anomalies in metabolism of these nutrients may introduce several types of metabolic syndromes. The protective effects of aqueous green tea extract have been shown on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction in diabetic and obese rat models [74]. Different nutrients combinations were tested in a long-term feeding in experimental mouse model. Regional and continental food habit and practices are very much different. Effects of Western, vegetarian, and Japanese dietary fat

Although the term cardiovascular disease refers to a disorder of the cardiovascular system, it is usually associated with atherosclerosis, also known as arterial disease. It is considered the leading cause of deaths in the world, taking 17.1 million lives a year. There are only a few factors that are non-modifiable, these being the persons age, gender, family history and their race and ethnicity. Although there are non-modifiable risk factors, there are multiple multiple risk factors that are modifiable that anyone can use to prevent getting any type of cardiovascular disease. These people just need to have the motivation to be able to change themselves and their lifestyles in order to better

Coronary Artery Disease, also known as CAD, is the most common form of heart disease. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Coronary Artery Disease obstructs the blood flow in vessels that provides blood to the heart which is caused by the buildup of plaque on the artery walls. (Rogers, 2011, p.87) (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque is a yellow substance that consists of fat substances, like cholesterol, and narrows or clogs the arteries which prevents blood flow. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque can build up in any artery but usually favors large and medium sized arteries. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009)

High cholesterol is one of the most common diseases that occur in today's society. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 71 million American adults have high LDL "bad" cholesterol. When cholesterol levels are normal, they normally do not harm the body since cholesterol can be beneficial to the body. However, if excess amounts of cholesterol are in the body, it can become a threat. "Cholesterol is a waxy substance that plays an important role in building cell membranes and sex hormones" (Overview). The certain types of food you consume on a daily basis may affect the cholesterol levels in your blood. There are two types of cholesterol, which is your HDL (high density lipoprotein), "good", cholesterol, and your LDL (low density lipoprotein), which are the "bad" cholesterol. It is critical that an individual maintains his or her cholesterol levels because he or she can increase their risk of cardiovascular disease. LDLs are known to carry cholesterol into your arteries and clog them, which can cause strokes and heart attacks. On the other hand, HDL, help eliminate cholesterol from the arterial vessels and transport it to the liver, which is then defecated with body waste. According to Sroda, an individual's total cholesterol should be less than 200, LDL levels should be less than 130,

As controversy rises over the ability to test embryos for genetic defects one must chose a side. In this essay I will be examining the debate over the ability to screen for familial hypercholesterolemia in embryos. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a condition which often kills children before puberty. This condition causes elevated cholesterol and can cause angina at a young age. Many children with this disease die at a young age and most suffer at least one heart attack by their thirties. There is however, a treatable version of this disease which is the heterozygous variation. 1 in 500 people develop the heterozygous disease while 1 in 250,000 people develop the more serious homozygous variation. Critics argue that the ability to test for Familial hypercholesterolemia will allow couples to destroy embryos that have the potential to live healthy lives. In this essay I will argue that genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolemia is permissible.

Osteoporosis develops when the remodeling cycle, which is when the disruption of the bone resorption and bone formation occurs. The imbalance of the remodeling cycle causes osteoporosis. Hormones, cytokines, and paracrine stromal-cell interactions affect the osteoclast’s processes, which includes proliferation, maturation, fusion and activation. The osteoclasts are controlled by the interaction between several interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, transforming growth factor-beta, prostaglandin E2 and hormones. The glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is related to increased destruction of osteocytes. Glucocorticoid increase receptor activator of nuclear factor ligand (RANKL) effect and inhibit osteoprotegerin (OPG) production through

The heart pumps blood into the arteries and the force of the blood pushing against blood vessel walls is called blood pressure. Arteries carry the blood throughout the body. High blood pressure is also know as hypertension and is very dangerous in many different ways. One way is that it makes the heart have to work harder in order to pump the blood to the body. Secondly it contributes to hardening of the arteries and lastly, it also contributes to heart failure. A healthy heart is essential to life and having high blood pressure it not healthy for the heart. It has been proven that there are many different causes that have been linked to high blood pressure.

The pathophysiology of how strong bone becomes osteoporotic is an interesting process. The body is continuously trying to maintain a sense of homeostasis and keep every cell and organ within the body at a constant state of happiness. During the homeostatic process, cells of bone are continuously undergoing processes of formation and resorption. This all-inclusive progression of building up bone occurs throughout life and is the key in modifying bones during trauma or just natural growth (Van der Kamp, 2012). Bone cells that assist with formation of bone are called osteoclasts, and bone cells that assist with the resorption of bone are called osteoclasts.

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty materials and plaque buildup on the inner lining of arteries. Arteries are blood vessels which carry rich blood to the heart and throughout the body. They’re lined by the endothelium, a thin layer of cells. The endothelium keeps blood flowing by keeping the inside of arteries smooth. However, when Atherosclerosis starts due to high blood pressure, smoking, or high cholesterol, it damages the endothelium. Atherosclerosis tends to happen throughout the body and arises when people grow older. This disease is mainly due to the deposition of fatty materials i.e., cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. The buildup of fat then hardens causing narrowing of the arteries. This

Presently, the treatment strategies used are risk factor modification, conventional pharmacology and surgical revascularization. These strategies have hitherto not been of enormous solution as the disease progression still result in recurrent symptoms. This has now led to the exploitation of advances in comprehending the vascular biology of atherogenesis to introduce novel cell and molecular-based therapies. The application of immunomodulation, lipid-lowering agents like statins, gene transfer, antisense technology and so on has resulted in new therapeutic strategies to interrupt cell proliferation and disorder of the vessel wall. In this essay, immunomudulation and lipid-lowering agent shall be discussed.

While there has been some accord with respect to change of the proliferation capability of osteoblasts, some unfriendly impacts of FGF2 on the osteogenic separation and generalization have likewise been recognized.(Bosetti et al.) examined the striking of different FGFs (FGF2, FGF4, and FGF6) on the behavior of human-necessary osteoblasts. They examined that all FGFs activated in culture medium at 0.8 μM incited osteoblast enlargement yet stopped ALP motion and generalization. When it comes to Vitamin D, it was

Many of the vaso-protective function of endothelium is provide by the Nitric Oxide(NO)20.Endothelium damaged by turbulent or non-laminar blood causes decreased production of NO.Such kind of blood flow also stimulates endothelial cells to produce adhesion molecules, which recruit and bind inflammatory cells. Hypercholesterolemia seems to inactivate the normal function of NO. The net effect is endothelial binding of monocytes and T cells, migration of these cells to the subendothelial space, and initiation of a local vascular inflammatory response. Lipids in the blood, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), also bind to endothelial cells. 18Firstly LDL is transported across the healthy intima and become trapped in intima of a vessel wall.It undergoes oxidative modification and then oxidized LDL(OxLDL) is formed5.OxLDL is mighty inducer of inflammatory molecules.It adds up to the inflamotory signaling by endothelium that activates chemotactic substances, growth factors that attracts monocytes to vessel wall21Eventually OxLDL transforms monocytes into macrophages which makes the Forms cells, which are the hallmark of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL impair the signal transduction between endothelial cell surface receptors and NO production, inhibit NO synthase activity and inactivates NO realese from endothelial cells.22.Once the endothelium is impaired, oxidized LDL is stored in vascular endothelium and by the process of series of mechanism, foam cells are formed and then eventually fatty plaque that occludes the vessel along with the decreased amount of NO which decreases the ability of the vessel to dilate. As the plaque grows arterial wall narrowing and thickening occurs5. This plaque and narrowing of vessel results in decreased blood flow

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