Hyperemesis Gravidarum Case Studies

Many researches are educating pregnant women about the danger of cigarettes, alcohol and the potential negative effects of cigarettes, alcohol on fetus development. However, scarce research directly addresses specific effects of marijuana on pregnant women because women who use marijuana also tend to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol and more likely to use other drugs such as cocaine and heroin. Thus, it is difficult to identify the precise effects of marijuana on pregnant women and on a fetus (Leemaqz, 2016.). Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United State (Murray & McKinney, 2014). According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 40-60% of marijuana users continue to use during pregnancy. Studies have also shown that marijuana crosses the placenta negatively affecting brain development, and increasing the risk of pre-term birth. Proposition 64, the California Marijuana Legalization Initiative for adult use just passed after the election, California is added into the list of 26 states legalizing marijuana for medical or recreational purpose which could increase the number of women using marijuana during pregnancy. Due to above evidences, doctors warn pregnant women, women planning to pregnancy and breastfeeding women that they should discontinue their use of marijuana and should consider alternative therapy.

During the first trimester, your pregnancy hormones will make you feel the morning sickness that consist vomiting and nausea. Nausea and vomiting can occur at any time of day. Pregnancy hormones do not adjust with every food and smell; therefore, some certain foods and smell can make you uneasy and feel nausea. The second trimester gives you relief from nausea and

“Marijuana is less toxic than many of the drugs that physicians prescribe every day.” Research says that marijuana is safe and an effective medicine for controlling nausea. It reduces the eye pressure with glaucoma and also reduces muscle spasms.

Substance abuse has been a worldwide problem at all levels of society since the beginning of time. Attention has been made toward the use of legal and illegal substance by pregnant women over the past several decades. Almost all drugs are known to cross the placenta and have some effect on the fetus. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) the first studies of the effect of substances consumed by a pregnant women to the developing fetus were identified in the 1960’s of prenatal tobacco use. These studies opened the door to further research and studies. The effects of Alcohol and opiate use have been studied since the 1970’s (Jones, Smith, 1973) and the effects of a variety of other drugs have been studied since 1979 and early 1980’s (Flinnegan, 1979).

Patients and individuals who require the drug to function have experienced many benefits from using it. The problem lies in that medical marijuana is not legalized in many states, so patients often struggle to find a safe and reliable way to acquire the drug. Patients from an organization known as the Compassion Club, have said that "often members of the [club] tell us that their doctor has unofficially advised them to go home and smoke a joint, rather than prescribing other pharmaceutical medicines. But, most patients find it rather problematic getting the medicine from bars, streets and remote connections” (Black 1). Citizens needing the medication often resort to dangerous methods of acquiring it. Marijuana can help numerous individuals with many different types of diseases and the painful symptoms they may experience. Without the use of marijuana, patients like the son of Lester Grinspoon, whom is a Harvard medical professor, would likely face health problems that could have a terrible long term effect. Grinspoon’s son was diagnosed with leukemia and needed to undergo radiation treatment. Due to the radiation, his loss of appetite led to him eating little to nothing daily. Consequently, he was experiencing weight loss and the dangerously low caloric intake led to her son becoming more and more ill. Grinspoon said, “‘The scent or sight of food would send him into a bout of stomach convulsions.’ His mother and his son had a smoke in the parking lot before a treatment. ‘Afterwards, instead of coming home to bed, his son asked if he could go have a submarine sandwich. Dr. Grinspoon was amazed” (Black 3). Like Grinspoon’s son, pregnant women often struggle with malnutrition during pregnancy. Cannabis can also help mothers-to-be suffering from morning sickness. “Old doctors' tales to the contrary, this herb was far safer than any of the pharmaceuticals prescribed for me by

That figure increases to twenty eight percent if we include substance abuse or mental health disorders, which are often inseparable. Currently today, there are twenty six million Americans whom suffer with a substance abuse problem. The incidence of substance abuse among women whom are in their reproductive ages continues to increase. With this continued increase of women in their reproductive ages that are being seen as a contributing factor to the growing problem of substance abuse during pregnancy. So far, the highest rates of drug and alcohol use are among women in the beginning years of have given birth. Currently six million women are experiencing alcohol problems. Also more than five million women are currently using illegal substances. Women who are between the ages of eighteen to thirty five years, have been responding to the National Institute on Drug Abuse Household Survey and reporting that they had used alcohol in the past month of their survey taking time. Also, five percent of those women have been reporting drug use in the same amount of time as well. The substance abuse during pregnancy can range from the lowest percentage of five percent to the highest percentage of twenty five percent. These percentages were dependent on the type of screening method utilized. The different types of screening methods that were used to calculate these percentages were methods such as the intensity of the screening program and urine drug testing. The largest population that was surveyed had the amount of almost thirty thousand urine samples. These urine samples contained substance abuse during pregnancy as low as five and a half and alcohol use as high as six percent. Of the four million women who become pregnant each year, statistics taken from numerous surveys also reveal that at least twenty percent smoke tobacco or cigarettes, nineteen percent drink

In the early 1980s, with the rising abuse of “crack-cocaine” and major concerns about it’s effect on children exposed in utero, there was a big push to put legislation in place regarding reporting of illegal drug use during pregnancy, considering it as a form of child abuse (Behnke et al., 2013). The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act was passed in 2003, requiring health care providers to notify Child Protective Services of any infant experiencing drug withdrawal or recognized to be affected by illegal drugs at birth. The effects of maternal alcohol and tobacco use on

But only 9 percent of marijuana users develop a dependence” (Boffey). Even still, of those 9 percent that develop a dependence, marijuana addiction is dissimilar to that of heroin, alcohol, or nicotine, from which withdrawal is often an extremely painful, physical experience. In addition, the long-held belief that marijuana is a gateway drug has been debunked, and even quietly removed from D.A.R.E’s list of gateway drugs. As far as medical research is concerned, the clear consensus is that marijuana use is less harmful to human health than most other banned drugs. While tobacco causes cancer, and alcohol abuse can lead to cirrhosis, there is no clear causal connection between marijuana use and any deadly diseases. Furthermore, it is less dangerous than highly addictive but legal substances like alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana use cannot, in and of itself, lead to fatal overdoses, and there is little evidence that it causes cancer. Like tobacco and alcohol, public policy concerns support the notion that it should be kept out of the hands of minors. The downsides to marijuana use are less compelling as reasons to foist criminal penalties on its possession, especially not in a society that allows nicotine use and celebrates

In California in 2016, one in fourteen pregnant women used medical marijuana during their term. Recently, America’s Veterans Affairs Secretary said: "There may be some evidence that this (medical marijuana) is beginning to be helpful” (Dr. David Shulkin). He is, in fact, correct, as medical marijuana is extremely helpful to many people all over the world. Medical Marijuana can also be used to help the effects of vertigo, migraines, depression, traumatic brain injuries (TBI), nausea, anxiety, and can even help people wean off of crack and heroin. The benefits of marijuana far outweigh the negative that often comes with it. Though marijuana could harm the fetus when used incorrectly and in abundance, the mother is fully aware of the strict instructions. It can be used to help so many people who are struggling to live a normal

The health burden of the sickness is also a tertiary outcome. The rate of severity of symptoms ranges from life threatening to mild sickness. For perceived maternal sickness: questions will be asked to determine women’s perceptions of any symptom or sickness during the antenatal, delivery, and the postnatal period for their most recent (index) pregnancy will be

This is about the effects of a smoking and alcohol while pregnant. Smoking and alcohol can cause harm to mother and child. In these cases the mother is responsible for the damage she has done to her child and herself. This is unfortunate because the child has to live with their mom’s mistake for the rest of their lives.

The Consensus Conference convened by the National Institutes of Health in 1997 concluded that THC, the active substance in cannabis, would be useful in the medical treatment of chronic pain and chemotherapy-induced nausea during cancer treatment. Additionally, the consultants present at the conference unanimously concurred that medical

Panic attacks are the normal fear and anxiety reactions to stressful events. Your heart can begin to pound and you may suddenly have trouble breathing. An overwhelming panic may even make you feel like you’re dying. If left untreated, panic attacks can cause you to withdraw from normal activities, or worse, lead to panic and anxiety disorders. But what about panic attacks during pregnancy?

HYPEREMISIS GRAVIDARUM 1. Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a severe type of morning sickness. 2. Hyperemesis Gravidarum’s exact cause is unknown although some contributing factors include: a. High levels of human chorionic gonadotropin b. Increased estrogen levels c. Pregnancy-induced changes to the gastrointestinal symptom d. Psychological factors, such as anxiety e. Consumption of a high-fat diet f. Infection with Helicobacter pylori 3.

The medical use of marijuana has been a discussion that has been in the news and all around us recently. This is currently a hot topic of interest. There is an enormous amount of evidence that marijuana could be effect against many things. For example evidence shows it could be used to help relieve pain during chemotherapy, but along with this there is also evidence that at times marijuana can cause harm to someone as well. As nurses we must see each side of the debate to make our care for our patients sounder. One quote that directly applies to this topic, which is very important, was written in the Journal of Clinical Nursing: