Hyperglycaemia Research Paper

Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic syndrome has an enormous impact the United States economically. Heart disease, diabetes, and obesity are all the result of metabolic syndrome and each requires a tremendous amount of health care. Hormone imbalances can be part of the cause which require medication and hormone supplements which are costly. Unhealthy bodies break down faster and which means they require treatment longer.

When the blood glucose levels rise above the optimum, the pancreas detects this, and sends a metabolic signal for the pancreas to produce insulin in the beta cells. The beta cells are a part of a cluster of cells called the Islets of Langerhan. The hormone insulin is made here because the pancreas is a part of the endocrine system. (4) Insulin helps our cells convert glucose into energy, and it helps our bodies store extra glucose for use later. Insulin does this by turning the extra food into larger packages of glucose called glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. When the body consumes food the pancreas will produce more insulin than normal as more is needed, and less insulin when it is not needed as much. (7)

The blood glucose level has very limited range for humans to survive and stay healthy. Generally, people are able to remove excess glucose rapidly from the body but this is not the case when they are diagnosed with diabetes and insulin resistant situations. The lack of insulin resistance can also lead to a decrease in glycogen synthesis and storage as it usually converts glucose to energy for cell’s use (Jensen & et al. 2011). When insulin is produced under insulin resistance, the cells are incapable of using them effectively which then leads to high blood sugar level as ketones and ketoacids are produced as an alternative energy source for the body. The rise of ketoacid causes the blood pH acidic and the patient may also be diagnosed with ketoacidosis (Newton & Raskin 2004). There would also be less intake of lipid and more of stored triglycerides as the lipids are effected by the insulin. As the glucose levels increase, the muscle glucose uptake will decrease while the liver glucose production and blood fatty acid concentration will also increase within the body (Lichtenstein & Schwab 2000). Excess glucose within the blood are converted to fat which can lead to Diabetic Dyslipidaemia and furthermore to obesity, hypertension and

[When one has Diabetes their blood sugar levels are too high. When we eat foods that contain carbohydrates our body turns the food into glucose, sugar. The cells in our body absorb the glucose and send them into the blood stream. When the blood gets to the pancreas, beta cells recognize the glucose and release insulin into the blood stream. The insulin and glucose then exit the blood stream and go into tissues to enter the cells. The cells have receptors that insulin bind onto. The insulin opens up the cells to let the

The hypothalamus will send a signal to the pancreas to release glucagon, the hormone responsible for increasing glucose, to the blood. After glucagon enters the blood it will go to the target cell to bind to the receptor. After it reaches the receptor, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, which will then secrete glucose to the blood thus increasing the blood glucose levels. This is an example of positive feedback. Once the receptors in blood detect that the glucose in the blood is increasing, the target cells will then send a signal to the to stop the stimulation of glucagon. This is called negative

Watching what you eat is an important part of managing your diabetes. A proper diet can greatly reduce your risk of complications. There are a number of foods that you will need to avoid if you have diabetes. Below is a list of some of the foods to avoid:

The glucose builds up into the bloodstream instead of moving into your cells. The pancreas will try to keep up with the body and make extra insulin to keep your blood glucose levels normal. Overtime your pancreas will not be able to keep up and make enough insulin for your body. This is called being insulin resistant. Diabetes is caused by a problem in the way your body makes or uses insulin. Insulin is needed to move glucose into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into the cells it can cause two problems. Cells are in need for energy and high blood glucose levels occur affecting many major organs, including your heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidney. Practicing a healthy lifestyle can help prevent health complications. Moderate physical activity and incorporating a healthier diet can stop an individual from getting type 2 diabetes.

In addition, because cells do not receive the glucose they need for energy, they cannot function properly.

Diabetes type 2 is a condition in which blood sugar levels are too high. After eating foods that contain carbohydrates, chemicals in the small intestine break down the carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules called glucose. The cell lining of the small intestine absorbs the glucose, which then passes into the bloodstream. When the blood reaches the pancreas, beta cells in the pancreas detect the rising glucose levels. To reduce the glucose level, beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream. As the blood circulates through the body, the insulin and glucose exit the bloodstream into tissue to reach the body’s cells. Most cells of the body have certain receptors on their surface that bind to the circulating insulin. Insulin acts like a key in a lock to open up the cell so that the circulating glucose can get inside the cell. The cell can use the glucose to produce the energy it needs to function properly. If a person has insulin resistance, insulin cannot unlock the cells to let glucose in because the locks, called receptors, are abnormal and/or missing. As a result, glucose is locked out of the cells. The amount of glucose builds up in the bloodstream in a condition called hyperglycemia. To compensate for hyperglycemia, the pancreas produces more and more insulin. Overworked beta cells try to keep with the demand, but gradually lose their ability to produce enough insulin.

The beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream to reduce glucose levels and to keep the blood glucose in a healthy range. Most cells in of the body have certain receptors on their surface that bind to the circulating insulin. Insulin acts like a key in a lock to open up the cells so that the circulating glucose can get inside the cell. Now, the cell can use the glucose to produce the energy it needs to function properly. However, if a person has type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic beta cells lose their ability to produce insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels and complications. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system, specifically the white blood cells, mistake the pancreatic beta cells for foreign invaders. In autoimmune response, the white blood cells emit autoantibody that destroys the beta cells. As a result, the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Without insulin, glucose cannot get into the cells, so they are starved for the calories they should be receiving from glucose. In addition, the glucose level builds up in the bloodstream, resulting in a condition called hyperglycemia.

In the absence of insulin, the body goes into ketosis, where ketones are produced by burning fatty acids; this leads to extreme weight loss, disorientation and confusion. This is alone dangerous, as prolonged production of ketones which lead to a high concentration of them in the blood, and with the absence of insulin, leads to the condition diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA); some symptoms of which are deep labored breathing, rapid heartbeat, confusion and disorientation and even a coma. Also, as no insulin is produced and therefore not released, the liver release glucose excessively despite the cells not being able to absorb it – leads to high blood sugar levels. High glucose (sugar) levels leads to hyperglycemia – glucose levels in the blood are higher than 7.0 mmol/L (126mg/dl) when fasting and levels higher than 11.0 mmol/L (200mg/dl) 2 hours after eating. Hypoglycemia can also occur when blood glucose levels fall too low; less than 4mmol/L. The symptoms for both hypo/hyperglycemia are fatigue, dizziness and blurred vision. Source - http://www.diabetes.co.uk/Diabetes-and-Hyperglycaemia.html

Diabetes mellitus (DM), also known as diabetes, is a disease that directly affects the way the endocrine system produces or uses insulin throughout the body. When a person has diabetes, the pancreas does not produce a sufficient amount of insulin or the body becomes resistant to the insulin produced; these factors depend on which type of diabetes the patient is diagnosed with (Hart & Loeffler, 2015). Insulin is a vital component in the body used to convert glucose (sugar) in to energy. If the body cannot make or use insulin properly, patients exhibit hyperglycemia, which is an excessive amount of glucose in the blood. If diabetes is left untreated or not managed properly, the disease can cause severe and permanent damage to vital organs, diabetic

There are a few different theories of why hyperglycemia cause tissue damage. One cause is caused by the increase in microvascular pressures from the hemodynamic changes. It also changes RBC to become less deformable making it harder to release oxygen, and more adhesive. The RBC will stick to each other and to the capillary walls. Similar to RBC's, platelets become more adhesive,making capillary walls thicker. The decrease in lumen size causes the increase in microvascular pressure. Hyperglycemia also causes glucose to bind to protein forming glycosylate proteins , causing tissue damage.

Without beta cells obviously the body cannot produce insulin in response to high blood glucose, causing type 1 diabetics to have abnormally high blood sugar

Hyperglycaemia is when blood sugar levels increase to above the normal. If blood glucose levels remain high for a long time it damages proteins by binding directly to them and building up. This in turn leads to poor peripheral circulation which leads to serious damage to tissues, and