Hyperkalaemia And Depolariization Of Potassium

Potassium works with sodium to regulate the body’s water balance. The kidneys help to control the blood pressure by controlling the amount of fluid stored in the body. Therefore, the more fluid then the higher the blood pressure is. The kidneys do this by filtering out the blood and extracting any extra fluid, which then is stored in the bladder as urine. This is done very delicately as both sodium and potassium pull the water across the wall of the cells from the bloodstream into a collecting channel that leads to the bladder. When eating to much salt, the amount of sodium in the bloodstream will be imbalanced compared to the amount of potassium and thus reducing the ability of the kidneys remove the extra fluid. Eating more fruit and vegetables, the potassium levels increase and can help restore the chemical imbalance. However, there is a possibility of too much potassium, also known as hyperkalemia, which can lead to other issues like renal failure.

1. ECF potassium levels affect resting membrane potential. Hyperkalemia (excessive levels of potassium in the blood) and hypokalemia (abnormally low blood potassium levels) both affect the function of nerves and muscles.

I am concerned about potassium intake because it plays an important role in regulating heartbeat, lowering blood volume and blood pressure (Hammond, 2016d). The lack of potassium intake will lead to irregular heartbeat and life-threatened diseases such as hypokalemia (Hammond, 2016d). In order to increase my potassium consumption, animal foods and plant foods especial fresh vegetable and fruit are needed (Hammond, 2016d).

4. Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Inorganic ions in animals and plants are necessary for vital cellular activity. In body tissue they can also be called electrolytes, which are essential for electrical activity needed to support muscle contractions and neuron activation. Ions also effect how pH changes in the blood and other bodily functions. Ions are also incorporated into the structure of biological molecules.

Increasing the extracellular potassium reduces the concentration gradient, and less potassium diffuses out of the neuron and into the cell.

This experiment seeks to analyze how the resting membrane potential of Orconectes rusticus muscle cells changes in response to increasing [K+]o solution concentrations. By recording the intracellular voltage of the DEM, DEL1, and DEL2 crayfish muscle cells at six concentrations of [K+]o solution, we determined whether the observed resting membrane potentials (Vrest) were significantly different from the predicted Nernst equilibrium potential values. We hypothesized that the Vrest of the crayfish muscles at each concentration would not significantly differ from the Nernst potential, which solely considers the permeability of potassium ions to the cell membrane. However, our findings suggested differently, and results indicated that the Nernst equation did not accurately predict the obtained values of the resting membrane potential. The differences in muscle cell Vrest reveal instead that the membrane is differentially permeable to other ions.

___The concentration of extracellular K+ ions would be high and this would prevent more K+ ions from diffusing out of the cell.

-If the potassium transport pump was blocked the leakage channels would still be open allowing Na+ to

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Disease (HYPP) is a muscular disorder found prominently in horses that occurs due to an inherited genetic mutation [1]. Specifically, a point mutation in the sodium channel gene, found in the muscle of affected horses, is passed on to offspring [1]. Sodium channels found in the muscle cell membrane primarily control muscle fiber contraction [1]. According to research summarized by UC Davis, when this defective sodium channel gene is present, the channels “leak” due to fluctuation of blood potassium levels, causing the muscle to depolarize and to contract involuntarily [4]. These fluctuating potassium levels may result from a period of fasting, followed by intake of high potassium feed, such as alfalfa [1]. Ultimately, the depolarization causes the muscles to lose their effectiveness, and myopathy eventually develops [4]. All horses positive for the HYPP gene mutation are affected for their entire lives [2].

Influx and efflux of calcium regulate the membrane potential of the cell, which in turn regulates the contractility of smooth muscle cells. However, we neglected to link calcium’s role in membrane potential to its effects on potassium channels, one of the focuses of the first paper and the main influence on vasodilation and constriction. Furthermore, although external sources backed up the influence of insulin in activating Ca2+-ATPase as we wrote in our second hypothesis, the new supporting information does not mention insulin while suggesting that glucose might have a role in be inhibiting these Ca+-dependent K+

In patients with renal failure the two most common electrolyte abnormalities are hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia. Hyperkalemia results due to decreased renal excretion resulting from renal failure. Both of these abnormalities are initially treated with IV calcium gluconate if the patients are symptomatic. The calcium is given to antagonize the effects of hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia. The calcium acts to protect the heart muscle temporarily until other treatments can be administered. It is imperative to monitor the patient closely with and ECG when IV calcium is administered due to calcium induced

When a skeletal muscle fires it is caused by a signal in a motor neuron. Voltage gated sodium channels open up after a threshold stimulus of -55mV is reached. Next, Sodium ions move into the cell membrane, thus depolarizing the cell at +30mV, which is its action potential. Sodium channels close and Potassium channels open. Potassium moves out, which repolarizes the cell. Hyperpolarization

Neurons respond to two different ions: potassium(Na+) and sodium(K+). There is usually a higher concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell(extracellularly) which makes the cell more positive, rather than inside the cell(intracellularly) where there is a higher concentration of K+ ions which makes the cell more negative. This is explained as the resting membrane potential of a neuron; where there is a potential deferens of ion concentration. In cells ions will move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration and that is the concentration gradient. If channels permeable to an ion, then it will allow it to diffuse to where the ion

There are two potassium's for every sodium so the increase of potassium will make it