Hyperparathyroidism Case Study

Hypoparathyroidism is defined by abnormally low PTH levels. Moreover, it is usually due to damage to the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. Due to the lack of circulating PTH it results in lowered serum calcium levels and increased serum phosphate levels. So, the reabsorption of calcium is impaired and phosphate absorption from the renal tubules are increased. Moreover, this results in hyperphosphatemia. In addition, hypoparathyroidism can occur due to hypomagnesemia. However, when the serum magnesium levels are normal, so is the PTH secretion. Hypomagnesemia can be linked to; chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, malabsorption, increased renal clearance of magnesium due to amino glycoside antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents, or prolonged magnesium deficient parenteral nutritional therapy.

There are many causes of hyperthyroidism, but the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are the same no matter what causes the over expression of thyroid hormones. The main symptoms of hyperthyroidism are fatigue, shortness of breath, weak muscles, anxiety, difficulty sleeping and heart palpitations. Interestingly, even with an increase in appetite the patient will have weight loss.

Risk factors associated with the environment and an individual’s lifestyle increase the chance of developing breast cancer. Habits such as smoking and heavily drinking alcohol are also related, and living a sedentary lifestyle is also associated risk factors. Risks related to the body such as obesity are found to increase the risk; factors such as obesity related to weight gain after menopause which is caused by increased estrogen levels also are related. The increase of weight in adulthood, particularly around the waist area, is connected to the development of breast cancer in some adult women. Women who have never given birth or give birth after the age of 35 are at risk.

In primary hyperparathyroidism, there is a high chance in curing the disease after undergoing surgery to remove the parathyroid glands. The outlook is usually great and most patients are cured. According to National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, undergoing into surgery to remove enlarged glands cures 95% of cases of hyperparathyroidism in the US. Following up the surgery, your doctor will check your blood calcium levels for several months to be sure that the levels stay stable. Check ups also involve assessment of bones and kidneys as well. Some possible complications can occur if Hyperparathyroidism isn’t well taken care of. Some of these complications include increased risk of bone fracture(skeletal damage), high

Other risk factors include use of estrogen replacement therapy, age when you started your period, never being pregnant, fertility treatments, smoking, and having polycystic ovary syndrome. It can also be caused by a gene mutation. The genes identified as BRCA-1 and BRCA-2, which put a woman at greater risk of breast cancer, also increase her risk of ovarian cancer as well. Many women who test positive for the genes opt for a double mastectomy as well as surgery to remove their ovaries before developing cancer.

What are the risk factors of breast cancer? (2014, September 9) Other risks include not having children or having them later in life, certain kinds of birth controls, using hormone therapy after menopause, not breastfeeding, alcohol, and being overweight or obese.

Hyperparathyroidism is when the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the bloodstream are above normal.

     There are several difference risk factors of breast cancer. As you age the chances of getting breast cancer increases. If you have a family history of breast cancer your risk increases. Women who begin menstruation before age 12 have a higher risk. Women who undergo late menopause or after 50 have a higher risk.

Age plays a very big part in the risk factors of breast cancer (Risks and Prevention). Being female also affects your risk of getting breast cancer. Being female is the most important risk factor for getting breast cancer. Although men can develop breast cancer, it is about 100 times more common among women (Risks and Prevention).

A 26 years-old Male Egyptian patient on hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease was scheduled for parathyroidectomy because of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. He had Hypertension on Nifedipine 20 Mg twice daily. He also had a past history of left Sided hemiplegia 2 years ago. He was known for severe chest deformity in the form of small size pigeon like chest and scoliosis. The patient also had a past history of previous multiple old fractures in the humorous & ribs.

One of the most common causes of of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ Disease which causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone. Your metabolism will most likely accelerate. Some other causes are: toxic adenoma, Plummer’s disease, and thyroiditis. The two main hormones that the thyroid produces are: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). They influence all the cells in your body by doing things like maintaining the rate that your body uses fats

definite etiology of breast cancer is still unknown, as it is a disease of the cell genome, but various Genetic factors seem to be involved. An association with certain genes, particularly autosomal dominant genes like BRCA1, and BRCA2, other genes are p53, CHK2, ATM, STK11, PTEN, and MMR. (50)

Title of the article: Anaesthetic management of primary hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcaemia and multiple bone fractures for excision of parathyroid adenoma.

The etiology of breast cancer is unknown. However, hereditary factors are considered the major determinant of individual in risk. Mutation in cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA1 can be used in the assessment of individuals at risk of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer initiated as a change in single cell. Progression of tumor depends on accumulation of these changes8.

(2009). Breast cancer risk factors: a review of the evidence. Cancer Australia: Surrey Hills, NSW.