Hyperpituitarism Research Paper

5. It is expected that after his transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, all of B.J.’s anterior pituitary hormones will be deficient (panhypopituitarism). What type of hormone replacement will be needed?

There are many ways to treat this condition. Treatment can depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor. Often, more than one type of treatment is used. Treatment may include:

Surgery offers the best chance of a cure. A neuro-endocrinologist is needed to properly diagnose the condition while a neurosurgeon is needed to perform the surgery. Since the pituitary gland sits inferior to the hypothalamus of the brain, precision in microsurgery is highly necessary. Unfortunately, pituitary adenomas that invade the sella turcica of the brain lower the chances of a successful surgery. Undergoing surgery is always a risk, but this treatment provides the best chances for survival. Medications are also offered as a course of treatment, although proven with a lower success rate. Physicians prescribe monthly injections of somatostatin to help suppress the overproduction of the growth hormone. Although this poses less of a risk than surgery, a reported 70% of patients had an actual decrease in GH hormone. A consequence of using this method is a heavy reliance on drugs for an unforeseeable amount of time. Drugs are often costly so this can pose a problem as well. Radiation therapy is used when all other options have failed. A dose of radiation is targeted on the tumor and the surrounding brain structures are typically left unaffected. 18 months are needed to see a substantial reduction in growth hormone output. Consequences of radiation treatment are delayed pituitary failure, learning disabilities, obesity, and emotional changes (Kleinberg,

This pituitary tumor can also be referred to as a pituitary adenoma, and they are most often benign. This form of Cushing’s syndrome is more common in women and is the most common form of endogenous Cushing’s disease. The tumor of the pituitary gland secretes overly large amounts of ACTH, which then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and secrete more cortisol than necessary. Another tumor-related cause of Cushing’s syndrome is when a tumor forms on an organ that does not usually produce ACTH. The tumor produces and secretes excess ACTH which then leads to the overproduction of cortisol. These tumors are called ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors, and they can be malignant or benign. Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors are commonly found in the pancreas, thyroid, thymus gland, and lungs.

Most signs and symptoms are related directly to the excessive cortisol in the body. The most common are weight gain, central obesity with thin extremities, fat pads on the upper back, and a round ‘moon faced’ appearance. (Williams, L., & Hopper. P., 2015)

beginning with growth failure during the first year of life. Progeria is a rare condition but has come into

A goiter, nodules, or growths may be found during a physical exam, and symptoms may suggest hypothyroidism.

As per the Mayo Clinic the symptoms that the patient encountered is related to a pituitary adenoma, due to the tumor pressure (www.mayoclinic.org). The visual disturbances and headaches indicate an increase growth, which causes pressure to the surrounding area. The weight gain and increase in shoe size is caused by an increase production in growth hormone. Excess production in growth hormone can cause enlarged hands and feet.

The most common and popular treatments include radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery. B. Sub Point Actually, there are some curious and unknown treatments such as being positive, taking one aspirin per day, eating broccoli and shark’s cartilage, receiving Hyperthermia, drinking green tea, drinking oily fish, etc. Transition: Even though, there are all these effective treatments for this disease.

The hypothalamic nucleus, by releasing specific neuro- transmitter peptides, controls the activities of the secretory cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary body. Hormones released or secreted by cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are transported, in the form of granules, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary; from there they are absorbed into the blood stream (Engel, 1997).Under conditions of disease, the neurotransmitter peptides may be quantitatively increased, decreased, or in some way made defective; the neurons that synthesize these peptides or their glandular targets may fail to function or become over active(Ropper, 2002). The nuclei of the hypothalamus are conventionally divided into three paired groups: the anterior group, including the preoptic, supraoptic, and paraventriular nuclei, which are mainly neurohypophysical in their relationships; the middle group, including the tuberal, arcuate, ventrolatural, and dorsal nuclei; and the posterior group including the mammillary and posterior nuclei (Ropper, 2002).The Hypothalamus or hypopysis is divided into two lobes: the anterior, or adenohypophysis, which is derived from the buccal endoderm(Rathke’s pouch),and; the posterior, or neurohypophysis, which forms a diverticulum from the base of the hypothalamus (Bostrom,2003).

Achondroplasia can not only be diagnosed on a molecular level, but also on a physical level. Newborns with the disorder usually have abnormally long torsos with noticeably short arms and legs. Their heads are large and their foreheads prominent. They have

short stature with disproportionally short arms and legs, and short fingers. Other symptoms is a

Tumors in other parts of the body, such as the lungs, pancreas or adrenal glands can also cause acromegaly in few people. These tumors are from non-pituitary origin which sometimes secrete GH. In some cases, the tumors produce a hormone called growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) which stimulates the pituitary to make more

In the medical world, there is a variety of genetic disorders that affect many people. One of which is Pituitary Dwarfism. Dwarfism is a rare genetic disorder that includes the underdevelopment of the body. Specifically, Pituitary Dwarfism is a rare form of Dwarfism that is caused by the absence of a functional anterior pituitary gland which is located in the brain. It does not release the growth hormone GHRH needed for proper development. Although this mutation does not affect many people, the patients that do carry this genetic disorder are greatly affected. The diagnosis of this disorder is a fairly simple process involving a blood test and an analysis of the patient’s growth compared to a person with normal alleles. These people have life-changing

There are many symptoms that come along with Goldenhar Syndrome and can vary from person to person. The most common is facial abnormalities also known