Hyperthermophiles Research Paper

Halophiles are organisms that not only thrive in environments containing high salt conditions, but also require sodium chloride (NaCl) for growth. Remarkably, halophiles cannot grow on any salt, such as potassium chloride (KCl) or magnesium chloride (MgCl), other than NaCl (Ollivier et. al. 1994). However, the exact salt concentration required by halophiles differ based on different organisms and environments. Consequently, halophiles are further classified based on the optimal NaCl concentration needed for their growth as shown in figure 1. Extreme halophiles require a salt content of 3.4 to 5.1 M (20 to 30%), moderate halophiles require a salt content of 0.8 to 3.4 M (4.7 to 20%) and slight halophiles require a salt content of 0.3 to 0.8 M (1.7 to 4.8%). In order to put these concentrations in perspective, consider the fact that seawater has a salt content of 0.6 M or 3.5% (Larsen 1962). Furthermore, it is essential to distinguish that while halophiles need salt for growth, halotolerant organisms can grow in saline conditions, but do not require salt (Ollivier et. al. 1994).

This is because higher temperatures cause the membrane structure to break down. The membrane structure: Membranes have two layers of molecules called phospolipids to make up their structure. Phospholipis consist of a glycerol molecule plus two molecules of fatty and a phosphate group, this looks like a head with two legs, their head is attracted to water, this means

Psychrotrophs- an organism that can grow well at refrigerator temperatures and can spoil foods. Not slowed by refrigeration.

The expression of lanes 3,4,6,7,8 and 9 were expected but the expression of lane 5 was not expected. The reason lanes 3,4,6,7,8 were expected is that lanes 4,5,7,8 contain genomic DNA, which should contain multiple genes including the genes for Heat shock resistants. Also the genomic DNA in lane 4 and 8 under went heat shock condition, which led to the expression and amplification of Heat shock resistant proteins. This is also the case for lane 6, which contains heatshock cDNA. Since it contains cDNA that underwent heat shock condtion, that means the gene is being express and amplified in order to resist those heated condotions.

Proteins are the metabolic workhorses of the cell; they engage in a variety of essential activities ranging from enzymatically catabolizing macromolecular food sources to serving as structural components that maintain cell stability. Maximizing protein function relies on intricate non-covalent interactions occurring on the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels that help determine the overall shape of the protein. In their native states, proteins will assume the most energetically favorable configuration. Occasionally however, cells are exposed to exogenous disruptions such as heat stress. Heat Stress can compromise protein three-dimensional structure. Hydrophobic residues tend to be buried in the interior of the protein but when

8. Thermoregulation is to regulate temperature. The hypothalamus sends signals to the blood vessels, muscles, and/or sweat glands to alter the temperature of the human body when needed. You should always keep your body at a steady temperature.

The effect of pH would cause the growth for three halophiles to increase that its determine from the result when it increase from low pH as it reach at pH 7 and then it cause to decrease. As plasma membrane is been dense to proton that can able to transfer the potassium from its proton. There could be an acid that has strength from its response in which microbes can pump form the proton that some arrange its acid and heat shock proteins that can able to prevent

In the Battle of Thermopylae, the much smaller Spartan army held off the Persian invasion at Thermopylae. In this battle the Greeks and the Persians were fighting. The regions were fighting because the Persians were trying to punish Athens for burning down a Persian city 25 years earlier, and the Spartans were trying to stop the Persians from getting into Greece and burning down the city of Athens. The battle took place at a narrow pass called Thermopylae in 480 B.C. The site of the battle was an advantage for the Spartans because they knew the area better and the pass was such a narrow pass that the Persian's large army, that outnumbered the Spartans 5 to 1, had a hard time getting soldiers through. While the Spartans were holding off the

If a person had to choose one battle in all of history that has produced the most propaganda for so many causes, it would have to be the battle of Thermopylae. It wasn’t exactly the battle depicted in the movie 300, but there are some similarities. The battle between a Greek expeditionary force and the Persian main army at Thermopylae is the ultimate underdog story. The valor shown by the Greeks when they fought to the last man is unprecedented. It was also a battle fought by free Greek soldiers against slave soldiers from Persia. Historic accounts of each army’s size vary; however, all illustrate the huge disparity in the sizes of the two armies involved. Based upon the historic accounts, the author will make some conclusions about the amount of soldiers in the battle on my own. However, one thing is certain regardless of the source: the Greek plan to hold the mountain pass at Thermopylae would have worked if only the Spartan king and battle general Leonadis I would have

Malignant hypertension is an inherited condition. It occurs when the patient has a severe reaction caused by being exposed to certain drugs used as a part of the anesthesia for surgical procedures. It can be fatal if it is not treated quickly. In most cases, there are no signs or symptoms until the reaction occurs.

It is hard to tell how long the Greeks could have stalled the Persians at Thermopylae — their casualties were pretty light — but the question was soon made moot . When the Greeks had first arrived, they learned that the almost impregnable site possessed a hidden weakness: There was a track through the mountains that could be used by an enemy force to surround and annihilate the defenders of the gate.

In the article “How a Water Bear survives, Even When It’s Dry” illustrated a way genes with the ability to help living organism adopt and survive harsh environment. Tardigrades a microorganism that able survive in the cold and warmest environment for decent through the process of anhydrobiosis. When this organism approach the frozen or dry state, itself form a ball shape structure. The unique genes of tardigrade allow them to create proteins that known as tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins which can protect and hold the water bear’s cells intact to prevent any damage from happening during the state of desiccation, until it rehydrate itself it will remain this this

“Field active and laboratory preferred body temperatures and critical thermal limits were measured in six species of Kenyan chameleons: Chamaeleobitaeniatus, Chamaeleodilepis, Chamaeleoellioti, Chamaeleohohnelii, Chamaeleojacksonii, and Chamaeleoschubotzi. Given the opportunity, all six species are very competent heliothermicthermoregulators. Individuals typically spend the night low in shrubby vegetation with body temperatures equal to ambient air, and then climb to the top or edges of their bushes to bask when the sun shines. For most species, body temperatures quickly stabilize between 29 and 32 °C, which they maintain while the sun shines (except C. schubotzi at 19 °C). Preferred temperatures in the

Proteins play a part in every cellular activity and must fold into proper three dimensional configurations, or native state, to execute their intended functions. Proteomic stressors such as chemical exposure or elevated temperature can inhibit protein folding upsetting protein homeostasis and resulting in cell death and human disease (Broadley 2009). Excessive protein misfolding can lead to amyloid fibrillar aggregates which deposit around brain neurons contributing to the development or progression of neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are all fundamentally diseases of protein misfolding (Soto 2003, Hartl 2009).

Meanwhile, if temperature is increased denatures the proteins. Proteins then unfold and the non-polar groups which were previously in the interior of the molecule become exposed. This leads to a decrease in the solubility of the protein in aqueous environment. Addition of ethanol, methanol, acetone and the like decreases the dielectric constant and thus decreases protein’s solubility. (Boyer, 2000)