Hyperthermophiles Research Paper

Galdieria sulphuraria has garnered significant interest virtue of its ability to thrive in temperatures up to 56C, Salinities of 4-10% and acidic pH’s between 0-4, some of the most extreme conditions reported in eukaryotes (Yoon, 2006). As the majority of extremophiles are bacteria, this alga provides an opportunity to examine the mechanisms that allow organisms to adapt to harsh conditions from a unique perspective (Rampelotto, 2013). These conditions are considered ‘extreme’ as they exceed the preferred physical parameters for eukaryotes, pose various challenges to the functioning of the organism and include habitats previously deemed too inhospitable to support life (Konings, 2002). For comparison, the upper limit for vascular plants is between 40-50c (Bernstein, 2012).

The phosphates attached to ATP are well-known high-energy molecules, meaning that comparatively high levels of energy are released when the phosphate groups are removed. This high-energy content is not the result of simply the phosphate bond but the total interaction of all the atoms within the ATP molecule. Because the amount of energy released when the phosphate bond is broken is very close to that needed by the typical biological reaction, little energy is wasted.

The high specific heat (hsh) is the amount of energy that is absorbed. As a result, water molecules form many hydrogen bonds. A great amount of heat is needed to increase the temperature of liquid water as the heat is also needed to break hydrogen bonds between molecules. The (hshc) is defined as the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance to one degree Celsius, this is called a calorie. By breaking the bonds, water molecules can move freely, which creates more friction and additional heat that allows a higher temperature. The hydrogen bonds absorb the heat as they break, and also release heat as they form, this minimizes temperature change. Water also helps maintain a moderate temperature for organisms and environments e.g warm-blooded animals distribute heat through their bodies. Due to its high specific heat capacity, water minimizes changes in temperature. Waters (hshc) is five times greater than sand, as the land cools more quickly than the sea as the sun sets, the slow cooling water then releases heat to nearby land amid the

3. Thermal springs, such as Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park, have temperatures above 100°C. How does adaptation make it possible for living organisms to inhabit such an extreme environment?

Proteins are the metabolic workhorses of the cell; they engage in a variety of essential activities ranging from enzymatically catabolizing macromolecular food sources to serving as structural components that maintain cell stability. Maximizing protein function relies on intricate non-covalent interactions occurring on the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels that help determine the overall shape of the protein. In their native states, proteins will assume the most energetically favorable configuration. Occasionally however, cells are exposed to exogenous disruptions such as heat stress. Heat Stress can compromise protein three-dimensional structure. Hydrophobic residues tend to be buried in the interior of the protein but when

The effect of pH would cause the growth for three halophiles to increase that its determine from the result when it increase from low pH as it reach at pH 7 and then it cause to decrease. As plasma membrane is been dense to proton that can able to transfer the potassium from its proton. There could be an acid that has strength from its response in which microbes can pump form the proton that some arrange its acid and heat shock proteins that can able to prevent

The three extremophiles: thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens all live in completely different environments on Earth and do very different things for Earth. The first extremophile is the thermophiles, which live in places like the boiling hot springs of yellow stone national park and in high levels of sulfur. These environments are too extreme for the human body because our core body temperature will rise too high. The way these thermophiles are able to adapt to the heat is their DNA repair. Thermophiles are important to earth because they help by supplying us with DNA polymerase that is in DNA fingerprinting. The second extremeophiles are the halophiles that live in areas with high concentrations of salt. These halophiles help create

Many users from YouTube gain fame because of their jaw dropping makeup skills. They perfect everything they can in the most artistic way. Their colorful eyeshadows can be seen from miles away along with their flawless porcelain skin. Unlike food and medicine herbs, makeup wasn’t created by Mother Nature. Makeup has been around since the 1600’s, each generation improving every cosmetic created. The cosmetic that people get eager to buy? The foundation. Foundation has been known for the way it covers imperfections, provides an even skin, and give the desired finished - matte or dewy. It comes in many different formulations, including liquid, cream,

In the Battle of Thermopylae, the much smaller Spartan army held off the Persian invasion at Thermopylae. In this battle the Greeks and the Persians were fighting. The regions were fighting because the Persians were trying to punish Athens for burning down a Persian city 25 years earlier, and the Spartans were trying to stop the Persians from getting into Greece and burning down the city of Athens. The battle took place at a narrow pass called Thermopylae in 480 B.C. The site of the battle was an advantage for the Spartans because they knew the area better and the pass was such a narrow pass that the Persian's large army, that outnumbered the Spartans 5 to 1, had a hard time getting soldiers through. While the Spartans were holding off the

Originally, the absorbance measured for samples in –5°C and 70°C were 1.700 and 0.845; the concentrations were 425 μm and 180 μm respectively. However, because both of these absorbance readings were greater than the highest absorbance value in our standard curve (Figure 1), a calculation of diluted concentration for these two samples was necessary. Therefore, using the formula Cu = Cd/D where Cu = concentration of undiluted (original) sample, Cd = concentration of diluted sample and D = dilution (which is 1/5 in this experiment), we calculated that the diluted concentration for the sample in 5°C is 85 μm and for the sample in 70°C is 36 μm. As we inserted these data on the graph (Figure 2), concentration of betacyanin for samples in –5°C and 70°C still dominate in comparison to others. This sudden increase of concentration allowed us to understand that the tonoplast membrane is easier to be damage in extreme temperature.

A positive correlation was observed between the entropy of activation and environmental temperature, with large negative values for ΔS ‡ for the cold-adapted species and high positive values for the tropical species. Therefore, as temperature increases the entropy of activation causes the Gibbs energy of activation to have a lower value making it more spontaneous with an increase of temperature. On the other hand, there was a positive correlation between enthalpy of activation and environmental temperature, with a range of ΔH ‡ from 6,850 calorie mol-1 for the Antarctic species to 33,300 calorie mol-1 for a species from an equatorial hot springs soda lake. Consequently, as the temperature increases the enthalpy of activation causes the Gibbs energy of activation to have a higher value making it less spontaneous with an increase of

If a person had to choose one battle in all of history that has produced the most propaganda for so many causes, it would have to be the battle of Thermopylae. It wasn’t exactly the battle depicted in the movie 300, but there are some similarities. The battle between a Greek expeditionary force and the Persian main army at Thermopylae is the ultimate underdog story. The valor shown by the Greeks when they fought to the last man is unprecedented. It was also a battle fought by free Greek soldiers against slave soldiers from Persia. Historic accounts of each army’s size vary; however, all illustrate the huge disparity in the sizes of the two armies involved. Based upon the historic accounts, the author will make some conclusions about the amount of soldiers in the battle on my own. However, one thing is certain regardless of the source: the Greek plan to hold the mountain pass at Thermopylae would have worked if only the Spartan king and battle general Leonadis I would have

It is hard to tell how long the Greeks could have stalled the Persians at Thermopylae — their casualties were pretty light — but the question was soon made moot . When the Greeks had first arrived, they learned that the almost impregnable site possessed a hidden weakness: There was a track through the mountains that could be used by an enemy force to surround and annihilate the defenders of the gate.

Pharmaceuticals, although known under many different names, have been an important part of civilization since the Ancient times. They are extremely important in the everyday life of many Canadians who deal with illnesses, diseases, and pain. Chemistry is an integral part of medicines. Were it not for medicines and the pharmaceutical industry, the world would be a very different, very unhealthy place. Medicines are easily taken and forgotten today, but that was not always so.

Society relies heavily on metals in nearly every aspect of life; however the corrosion of such metals has become a costly and very prevalent issue worldwide. Large amounts of energy, time and money has been poured into