Hypertrophy Essay

When exercising, the weight or stress you’ve produced to the muscles can create resistance and then contraction of the muscles can be drawn out. These contractions enable the muscles significantly increase in size. Along with the increase in size is the increase in strength as well. Repeated exercise, coupled with weight bearing activities, hypertrophy, and medical term for increase in muscle size, of the muscles will be evident.

Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. “Muscle Tissue.” Anatomy & Physiology. 9th

Exercise leads to changes in muscle fiber size known as muscle hypertrophy, this increase in size is a result of increasing muscle fiber diameter caused by exercise-induced genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). (Ruas, White, Rao, Kleiner, Brannan, Harrison; 2012). As per Balice-Gordon, Breedlove, Bernstein & Lichtman (1990) the Neuromuscular junction size is coupled, to a certain degree, to muscle fiber size. In contrast to this, a study conducted on aged rats showed increased muscle fiber size in the soleus muscle with exercise, but there was no increase in Neuromuscular junction size. Thus, some of the exercise-based changes of Neuromuscular junctions cannot

For example, this training method is commonly used in the fitness industry. Fitness athletes train with this intensity style because they feel this is the only way to stimulate growth. “Training with an emphasis on muscle damage and working to failure is definitely effective, but like anything, it can also be overdone” (Wilson). Knowing it can be overdone, athletes train differently everyday and change their routine to not stress the muscle. Wilson believes the four fundamentals of muscle growth are cell swelling, mechanical tension, mechanical trauma, and metabolic stress. All these methods are contradictory methods for any other athlete and are not recommended to follow. Overtraining is not always a negative method, if followed correctly with the proper recovery methods it can bring beneficial results. For a fitness athlete, resting is only partial when it comes to their recovery as athletes also have other key factors benefitting into their growth stimulation such as supplements and nutrition. According to Berning it is not recommended for endurance athletes to intake protein as it drops their nitrogen balance, but it is recommended for those who exercise as it is adequate for muscle growth and recovery

Plyometric practice alludes to those exercises that empower a muscle to achieve maximal drive in the most limited conceivable time. A plyometric action is isolated into three stages: 1) the eccentric preload stage, 2) the amortization stage, and 3) the concentric contraction. The eccentric preload is the stage in which elastic energy is stored in the series elastic components (SEC) of the muscle. The amortization stage is depicted as the time between the eccentric preload stage and the concentric contraction. The shorter the amortization stage, the more prominent the work yield in the concentric stage because of ideal use of the stored elastic energy. The third and last stage is the actual muscle contraction. This arrangement of three stages is known as the stretch shortening cycle [13]. (Chimera et al.,

Previous studies that evaluate the variables together compared a 70% load for traditional resistance to a circuit resistance load at 40-55%. The lower load or the circuit was not capable of generating enough stimulation for greater muscle fiber recruitment. Bone mass has also been seen to be minimal in these low loads. Using low loads go against the requirement for improved muscle hypertrophy and strength. In Traditional strength training they see a greater increase in bone mass, strength and muscle mass. The use of similar exercise prescriptions is warranted. Marx et al, (2001), measured muscular performance variations of low-volume circuit compared to high-volume periodized resistance in untrained women over

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The most efficient way to acquire energy is through high levels of mitochondrial biogenesis and increase in Ca2+ concentrations. Greater concentration of mitochondria and Ca2+ will provide athletes the sustainable energy needed to cause muscle contractions. In addition, continuous exercise induces muscular intracellular and calcium concentrations. These muscle contractions are generated via the transmission of action potentials (AP) through the alpha motor neuron, and once transferred to the muscle fiber increase cytosolic Ca2+. Contractions result in larger levels of intracellular Ca2+, and more activation of CaMKII will efficiently generate these contractions; thereby, reducing the amount of muscle tissue the body damages to produce the energy it needs (Ojuka et al., 2003: Wu et al.,

In a study by Hakkinen, (1989) it states that “during stressful periods of a strength/resistance training program the level of biologically active unbound testosterone as well as the balance between the androgenic-anabolic activity and the catabolizing effect of glucocorticoids may be more important for the trainability of muscular strength”. Other studies have also shown that the level of free testosterone may be important for trainability (Hakkinen, Pakarinen, Alan, & Komi, 1985). With resistance training, muscle hypertrophy usually occurs due to the stress on the body. The process of hypertrophy results in an increase in the synthesis of the contractile proteins actin and myosin within the myofibril and a growth in the number of myofibrils within a muscle fibre. The new myofilaments are then added to the external layers of the myofibril resulting in an increased muscle diameter (Verdijk et al., 2009). Testosterone is also beneficial to muscle hypertrophy, which can help muscle strength as the bigger the muscle size, the more likely it will produce greater

Hypertrophy is an enlargement of cell or organs as a result of workload. Muscles can

Pathophysiological hypertrophy is an abnormal process in which prostate gland increase in cell size of the testicle increasing causing an enlargement of prostate gland. The function of the prostate gland become affected by the stromal and glandular cells and the nerves become weaken and can no longer contract to force the stored fluids in the duct into the urethra is now difficult to release. The major prostate problem which is bladder outflow obstruction causes this condition. Urethra (tube) become narrow because of the transit zone tissue growth that’s surround the urethra and it’s inward continue growth that pressing down on the urethra drain tube can interfere with urine flow making it more difficult for

For the participant in this trial to sustain 60rpm, their muscles must produce progressively more force after each increment, as 0.5kg resistance is applied to the flywheel each time, therefore the energy demands of the muscle progressively increase. A deviation from the trend during the middle of the trial was not expected as most sources agree the relationship is linear (Burton, Özyener, Glassford), however Astrand (1961) found a non-linear steeper increase in during the middle stages. Astrand’s non-linear pattern may be explained by production of power increasing to a point beyond the lactate threshold, the point at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in the blood. A slowly developing increase in during constant-work-rate exercise performed above the lactate threshold produces a curvilinear relationship and is known as the slow component of kinetics (Jones et al, 2011). The cause for the steep increase at the final stage of the trial is supported by the research of Bernard et al (1996), who measured the effects of increasing exercise intensities recording oxygen consumption and heart rate simultaneously. Findings revealed a significant correlation with the best predictions of from work rate observed at higher intensities. Bernard’s findings support results in table 1 that

Muscular endurance is very important for people playing sports and who have to sustain an activity for long periods of time. Muscular endurance is determined by how well your slow twitch muscle fibers are developed. In case your wondering what slow twitch muscle fibers are, I will explain. There are generally two types of muscle fibers in your body, slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch muscle fibers cannot exert as much force as fast twitch, but can sustain an effort over a much greater period of time. Fast twitch muscle fibers can exert a great amount of force but for a very limited amount of time. Therefore, slow twitch equals endurance, while fast twitch equals strength.

“When a skeletal muscle is subjected to prolonged high resistance strength-training, it adapts by becoming larger and stronger. Maximal voluntary strength is quite well related to the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the muscle” (Hakkinen, 1989). Researchers in previous studies make mention of hypertrophy playing a role in the way different periodization models are effected. For example, endurance training differs from most type of training because it has a high overall volume of the exercise being performed with low resistances, but with long duration. With this type of training there is little or changes in muscle mass or strength (Gollnick, 1981). With linear periodization your first phase of the mesocycle is typically the hypertrophy/endurance

Abernathy (2013), “an individuals exercise capacity is determined by how much energy the muscle cell can produce and how quickly this energy can be made available to the contractile elements in skeletal muscle.”