Hypocalcemi A Case Study

Calcium can sometimes act like a natural diuretic, helping the kidneys release sodium and water. Also, when calcium levels in the blood drop, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released, which causes calcium to be released from the bones to increase calcium blood levels and PTH can raise blood pressure. Scientists are still trying to figure out how and why, but

in too much phosphorus compared to the amount of calcium they are taking in, it can lead to

Having high and low levels of calcium in the body affects the body differently. Hypercalcemia is the medical term for high blood calcium. Having too much calcium in the body can lead to an increased risk of kidney stones, constipation, nausea, and high blood pressure. People with hypercalcemia may also have stomach, muscle and joint pain. Very severe hypercalcemia can cause symptoms of brain dysfunction such as confusion, emotional disturbances, delirium, hallucinations, and coma. Irregularly low calcium levels in the blood are known as hypocalcaemia. Your bones and teeth will begin to deteriorate because your body takes the calcium that is stored in your bones to carry out the functions that are dependent on calcium. Hypocalcaemia can cause fragile bones, brittle nails and can cause frequent muscle cramps. It can also cause joint pain, and put you at risk for bone disease as you age. Low calcium levels can put you at higher risks for high blood pressure or hypertension as well as poor

Mrs. J.P. is a 30-year-old African-American female who presents to the local health department for her annual women’s health exam and establishment of primary care. Mrs. J.P. requests a pregnancy test be performed due to her recent absence of menses. Mrs. J.P. states she and her spouse have been attempting pregnancy for approximately 3 months; however, with each missed cycle, pregnancy tests have been negative despite corresponding notable fatigue. Mrs. J.P. explains her current uninsured status and frustration with walk-in clinics stating recent use of multiple clinics for “simple things” without resolution. Mrs. J.P. lists her primary complaint as difficulty sleeping due to significant heart pounding in addition to her fertility concern. When encouraged to also explain recent symptoms requiring walk-in clinic assessment and completion of a health history form, she explains her ongoing diarrhea, current hand tremor, and recent onset of eye pain. She identifies all symptoms as explainable as Mrs. J.P. attributes a gluten allergy to her diarrhea, a family history of glucose abnormalities to her hand tremor, and seasonal allergies to her eye pain although medical assessment and diagnostics have not been performed. When encouraged to

OFC is caused by unchecked hyperparathyroidism, or the over activity of the parathyroid glands, which results in an overproduction of parathyroid hormone. Too much parathyroid can cause bone breakdown and can also the bone to become fragile. PTH causes the release of calcium from the bones into the blood, and the reabsorption

Before giving patient IV potassium (KCl), the nurse must have an order, review the patient’s medical history, reviewed the lab values, educated the patient on the reason for the transfusion and inform the patient on their right to refuse. After the nurse gets the order for KCl, she must check and re-check the dilution of the drug in the IV solution container. The dilution should not be greater than 1mEq of potassium to 10mL of solution. Potassium must be diluted because it can cause phlebitis and loss of function to the vein. In extreme cases, the patient may need reconstructive surgery. The nurse should not infuse KCl over 20mEq/hr.

The hypocalcemia results in a lowered threshold for both nerve and muscle excitation so that a nerve implies can be initiated by a very slight stimulus anywhere along the length of a nerve or muscle fiber. This produces muscle spasms, hyperreflexia, clonic-tonic convulsions, laryngeal spasms and even death by asphyxiation. Moreover, hypocalcemia has symptoms which include; dry skin, loss of body and scalp hair, hypoplasia of developing teeth, horizontal ridges on the nails, cataracts, basal ganglia calcifications, bone deformities and the bowing of long bones. Phosphate retention is associated with hypoparathyroidsm. Hyperphosphatemia occurs due to the inhibition of the renal enzyme that is essential to the conversion of vitamin D to its most active form. Furthermore, this lowers serum calcium levels even more by reducing gastrointestinal absorption of

There are numerous factors that contribute to the development of this horrible disease, but the most important factor is vitamin D deficiency. When the minerals in osteoid crystallize, they require adequate concentration of calcium and phosphate. When the concentration is not at the correct level, ossification does not proceed normally (Huether & McCance, 2008). Vitamin D regulates the absorption of calcium from the intestine. When there is a lack of vitamin D, the concentration of calcium begins to fall (Huether & McCance, 2008). The body begins to regulate this calcium drop by increases the amount of PTH synthesis and secretion (Huether & McCance, 2008). An increase of PTH causes a clearance of phosphate and without the correct levels of phosphate mineralization of the bones cannot proceed in the correct manor (Huether & McCance, 2008). The abnormality of bone growth can occur in spongy and compact bone (Mayo

If hypoparathyroidism persists after surgery, oral supplementation with calcium and vitamin D is required. Calcium citrate or calcium carbonate may be started at 2 tablets, 4 times per day. Some patients require substantially more. Calcitriol is started at 0.5 mcg twice daily and increased as required. Patients in whom total parathyroidectomy and auto-transplantation is performed, they can be expected to require only temporary calcium supplementation[1].

Metabolic disease e.g. Low circulating levels of blood calcium in, for example, eclampsia (milk fever)

Nursing care of hyponatremia require understanding of the relationship between sodium and fluid balance and the role of vasopressin, recognition of a patient’s volume status, onset of the of sodium deficit, severity of signs and symptoms, and degree of the sodium deficit. Depending on the severity (acute vs chronic) of the condition and the selected treatments, serum sodium levels should be measured every 1- 2 hours during initial treatment and at least every 4 hours until symptoms resolve. Oral care is important as patients to have a dry mouth due to fluid restrictions. According to hyponatremia treatment guidelines chronic hyponatremia must be corrected to less than 10 to 12 mEq/L over 24 hours and less than 18 mEq/L over 48 hours in order

Phosphorus, calcium and magnesium have to have to possess a appropriate equilibrium or your body will go through if there is excessive or lack of both one minerals. Phosphorus deficiencies are extremely unusual. Lack of phosphorus will cause respiratory issue, trembling, anxiety and

The patient is a 57-year-old female who was electively admission for an orthopedic procedure. She has a very complicated past medical history including multiple medical problems hypertension, dyslipidemia, bowel syndrome with severe constipation, anorexia nervosa, depression, history of compulsive water drinking to the point of developing hyponatremia and she also has a neurogenic bladder which requires self-catheterization up to 5 times a day. She has also history of anemia of chronic disease and severe osteoporosis. She has compression fractures of the dorsal spine, first of the left elbow, as well as a fracture of her right hip and she suffers from great deal of pain in her right arm and wrist for a number of years. The patient underwent

Hypokalemia happens in about 20% of hospitalized patients. It is defined as serum potassium lower than 3.5mEq/L. The common causes of

According to Wenig (2008), primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterised by increased concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PHT), causing calcium levels in the blood to rapidly increase. Leppert and Howard (1997) state that PHPT rarely occurs in pregnant women, presenting 8 per 100,000 cases a year. Despite this, the condition can lead to severe pre-natal and post-natal complications (Leppert and Howard, 1997), such as: the development of hypoparathyroidism in the foetus, hypercalcaemia and the formation of kidney stones (Belfort, 2010).