Hypocotyl Vs Cotyledons

Our data recorded shows that the germinating peas did consume more oxygen than the non-germinating or the glass beads alone and that the cooler temperature did slow down the consumption of oxygen in the germinating peas. In both water baths the atmospheric pressure seemed to increase causing our reading to raise in our glass beads and non-germinating peas. This direct relationship in reading leads us to believe that the oxygen consumption in the non-germinating peas was minimal if any at all.

Germination is the stage of plant growth through which a seed becomes a seedling plant. First, the seed begins to absorb water and the radicle root emerges from the seed coat and into the water. Then, the primary roots grow, the cotyledons move above ground, the stem begins to grow, and leaves develop. The process is complete when the first leaves open and the cotyledons fall off (The Learning Garden 2001).

When planting a seed, many factors allow the seed to grow and become a plant. To sprout from the ground, and to survive, seeds need water, air, and a certain temperature. Seeds can get water, oxygen, and sun by being placed at the proper planting depth. Planting depth is the depth at which a seed is placed in the soil. If a seed is exposed to these important needs, it goes through a process called germination. According to the Wise Geek article, “What is Germination?”, “Germination is a process in which a seed or spore awakens from dormancy and starts to sprout.” (“What is Germination?”).

The first lab was conducted to analyze how germination affects the rate of cellular respiration in lima beans compared to dormant seeds. In order to

Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant

Respiration was measured in germinating seeds in the Pea Lab because in germinating peas there is a high rate of cell respiration as the pea is still growing and needs to consume oxygen to continue growing. Pea plant cells rely on the process of cellular respiration to supply them with the energy that they need to stay alive and grow during germination. When the pea plants are grown the cells will still remove energy from sugar via cellular respiration; however, the sugar for cellular respiration will come from the process of photosynthesis instead of the stored

METHODS/PROCEDURES: In the beginning of the experiment, pea seeds were used in order to perform the experiment. It was extremely important to acquire good, dry, and viable seeds so the process of germination could occur. A handful of these healthy seeds worked best in assisting the experiment. The seeds ability to germinate was a vital information needed to determine the outcome of the experiment.

The experiment began by undergoing a hand washing with antibacterial soap for a minimum of 90 seconds and thoroughly drying them. Afterward, six (6) Bolder paper towels were taken and torn at the perforated line. An individual towel was then folded 3 times [See figure one (1)]; This step was repeated five (5) more times. Then sixty (60) pea seeds were counted out and separated into ten (10) equal groups. The pea seeds when observed had a shrivels like coat with a dull army green color. Next was to measure the length of the sixty (60) seeds and then calculate the average by adding up all the measurements then dividing the sum by sixty (60); this was recorded in a table provided [See figure two (2)]. Then the folded paper towel was taken and one group (10) of pea seeds

In the article “Seed” William DiMichele discusses the development of seeds. A seed is a part of a plant, that is capable of creating another plant. Inside a plant's ovules, seeds are created. A seed can either be categorized by enclosed or naked, this is based on whether or not they are based on angiosperms or gymnosperms. Inside a seed, the embryo is where the plant grows, the food storage system provides nutrients, and the seed coat protects the internals of the seed. Seeds are created through sexual reproduction, through plant spores acting as reproduction cells. The movement of a seed can be influenced by many outside forces such as wind, water, animals, or people. After seeds

Triggers production of other hormones, particularly ethylene and ABA, leading to leaf, abscission, abnormal growth, growth inhibition, and cell death

The glume is a lid-shaped leaf that grows up from the stem and covers the cupule. In maize, the cupule and the glume are greatly reduced resulting in the fruit that is easy to grind and eat. Teosinte and maize do not only differ from one another by physical comparison but also by how each reproduces. It is important to know that a kernel is a dry fruit that contains a single seed inside. In teosinte, the kernels can be easily separated from the plant by means of wind or other forms of weather and this can cause the seeds to scatter and therefore result in the development of new teosinte plants. Whereas, with maize, the seeds are incased in the fruit just like teosinte, however the seeds cannot easily separate from the cob (the stem on which the fruits are produced). In addition, each ear of corn in enclosed in husks which are more modified leaves, trapping the kernels inside. Therefore the reproduction of modern corn is completely dependent on people.

At the ten minute mark the germinating seeds respired a total of 0.8 milliliters of carbon dioxide. At 15 minutes the germinating seeds respired 1 milliliter of carbon dioxide. At 20 minutes the germinating seeds respired 1.2 milliliters of carbon dioxide. After 5 minutes, the dry peas in respirometer #2 respired 0.19 milliliters of carbon dioxide. At ten minutes the dry peas had no change in the amount of respiration from the five minute mark. At 15 minutes the dry peas respired 0.26 milliliters of carbon dioxide. At 20 minutes the dry peas respired 0.36 milliliters of carbon

The sclerenchyma ring in the stem of Phaseolus lunatus, commonly known as lima bean, was measured in relation to the wavelength of light they were grown in (650, 475 nm). It was hypothesized that wavelength of light affects plant growth. It was predicted that plants grown when exposed to red light (650 nm) would grow taller and therefore have thicker ‘sclerenchyma cell rings’. The results of the t-test failed to support both the hypothesis and prediction (P = 0.444599). When compared to other studies, this experiment appears to have skewed data; therefore, although the hypothesis was rejected, there is still evidence supporting the concept of a full spectrum of light is essential for proper plant development.

Gibberellins are a kind of hormone that manage growth and many other processes in a plants development. They are crucial for plant growth and can have a major effect on many process in a plants development. There are over a hundred identified gibberellins, but we only know that some of them have biological activity. Mutants that are gibberellin deficient are known to be in many plant species and they show characteristics of the dwarf phenotype. When gibberellin is added to one of the mutant plants, the plant then shows

Records show that the practice of grafting is an ancient one, dating back well before the time of Christ It was once believed that any plant could be grafted on any other. This probably arose from observations made in tropical areas where seeds sometimes lodged in the cleft of a tree where seeds germinated and grew in the organic matter that had accumulated there. However, today, we know that only very closely related plants are capable of being grafted. Many forms of grafting are practiced, and the technique known as budding is widely used in the production of fruit trees, roses, and ornamental trees and shrubs. Without the practice of grafting many of the popular varieties we know today, such as the Delicious Apple or the Peace Rose, could not have been maintained. Wrong was the man who wrote in 1889: We doubt if there is a greater nuisance in the whole practice of gardening than the art of grafting. It is very clever, it is very interesting, but it will be no great loss if it is abolished altogether. While the technique of budding generally works best during June, July and August, many other forms of grafting are done just before plants begin new growth and are still dormant. Three terms are important in any discussion of grafting: stock, scion, and cambium. The stock is the rooted lower portion of a plant on which the graft is to be made. The scion is the shoot, bud or piece of twig to be fastened on the stock. Most important of all is the cambium, a thin layer of pale