Hypogastric Rectum

p.483 The cell bodies of primary-order neurons or pain-transmitting neurons reside in the dorsal root ganglia just lateral to the spine along the sensory pathways that penetrate the posterior part of the cord. The second order neurons are found in the dorsal horn (p.484) Most nociceptive information tranvels by means of ascending columns in the lateral spinothalamic tract (also called the anterolateral funiculus). The principal target for nociceptive afferents is the thalamus (the major relay station of sensory information in general) Third order neurons project to portions of the CNS involved in the processing and interpretation of pain, the chief areas being the reticular and limbic systems and cerebral cortex. (p 484)

A mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a

These receptors record on a extensive form of sensory modalities including changes in temperature, stress, touch, sound, mild, style, odor, physique and limb actions, and even blood pressure and chemistry. Scientists have recognized for nearly a hundred thirty years that distinct afferent nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous procedure are in contact with specialized non neural receptive buildings which realize and transmit sensory knowledge from the periphery to the Central Nervous System. The non neural receptive structure in conjunction with its afferent nerve fiber is mainly called a

Movement of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically: in the frontal lobe, the premotor cortex is relaying instructions to the primary motor cortex. The primary motor cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments C5-C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to extensor muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary nerve is derived. The axillary nerve’s motor end innervates the deltoid through its neuromuscular junction.

The cervical spinal nerve C3-5 innervate the phrenic nerve. These are the lower motor neurons.

Response: That specific cranial nerve is the Hypoglossal (XII) nerve and it belongs to the Sensory Somatic nervous system.

Porges theory recognises his important discoveries on the vagus nerve which changed previous understanding and functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Prior to this discovery, it was understood that the system operated in a balanced sympathetic/parasympathetic way. Porges research changed the outlook and understanding on the system, firstly with the vagus nerve in mammals having two branches, and secondly that the newest branch is able to prevent other nervous system activity.

A and Cδ fibers of the first order neurons carrying nociceptive signals from the periphery,

The superficial peroneal nerve runs under the peroneus longus muscle supplying the peroneus longus muscle and peroneus brevis muscle. It then continues down to the foot as a sensory nerve. The deep peroneal nerve runs under the peroneus longus muscle and extensor digitorum longus muscle, supplying the tibialis anterior muscle and peroneus tertius muscle. It emerges medial to the tibialis anterior muscle and runs with the anterior tibial vessels under the extensor

The rectum is near the bottom part of the large intestine. The end of the rectum is the anus. I can remember this by tracing the path in the photo.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was once known as having a spastic colon. A gastrointestinal disorder which often changes from constipation for a while then diarrhea for a time. This is not always the case though. Some people who have IBS can suffer only from constipation which is chronic in nature. Other people with this syndrome have chronic diarrhea. When you suffer from this it matters not what your symptoms to it are, what matters is the cause. With different symptoms different treatments are used to provide some relief. Let us consider the symptoms of constipation due to Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Intestinal pseudo obstruction is a rare and incurable disease that is a blockage or obstruction of the intestines. There are two forms of intestinal pseudo obstruction, acute intestinal pseudo obstruction and chronic intestinal pseudo obstruction. Acute intestinal pseudo obstruction is a less aggressive degree of intestinal pseudo obstruction with milder symptoms that come and go. Acute intestinal pseudo obstruction is also easier to manage with treatment. Chronic intestinal pseudo obstruction is a very aggressive form of intestinal pseudo obstruction. Chronic intestinal pseudo obstruction is more difficult to manage even while undergoing treatment(s) and surgery(s). As a result, intestinal pseudo obstruction is a highly complicated disease

Transition of signals from presynaptic to postsynaptic cells within the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

The hypothalamus transmits nerve impulses that go through brain stem, spinal cord, and preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to adrenal medulla, then will

Take notice of figure.1 in the illustrated diagram that the sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord. Specifically, the cell bodies of the first neuron are located in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Axons from these neurons project to a chain of ganglia located near the spinal cord. In most cases, this neuron makes a synapse with another postganglionic neuron in the ganglion. A few preganglionic neurons go to other ganglia outside of the sympathetic chain and synapse there. The postganglionic neuron then projects to the "target" - either a muscle or a gland.