Hypoglycaemia Essay

Glucagon acts on liver cells to promote breakdown of glycogen into glucose and formation of glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids.

No, 50% dextrose cannot be administered IM. It needs to be given slowly and carefully to avoid extravasation because it is hyperosmolar and can damage tissue.

After we eat, our bodies release insulin, a hormone that offsets an increase in blood glucose by increasing the intake of glucose by cells. When people have consumed little to no nutrients for several hours, our bodies secrete glucagon. Glucagon helps maintain the homeostasis of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of storage glycogen and the secretion of glucose to the blood and rest of the body.

Diabetes is a lifelong disease that can affect both children and adults. This disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. It claims about 178,000 lives each year. Type one diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, usually occurs in people less than thirty years of age, but it also may appear at any age. Diabetes is a very serious disease with many life threatening consequences, but if it is taken care of properly, diabetics can live a normal life.

Follow the protocol for a possible hypoglycaemic episode. While taking his BGL I would confirm his "feelings" checking for other signs and ask if he had eaten all of his last meal. I would check his notes and confirm his last dose of medication and time given, consulting with the RN if unsure. (Learning Guide states 3.5mmol/L as a hypo).

SIADH is the most common cause of hyponatremia [13]. It is caused by inappropriate vasopressin secretion either from the pituitary or from the ectopic source independent of the circulatory volume status and serum osmolality resulting in hyponatremia. Also there occurs inappropriate diuresis due to the action of vasopressin in the collecting tubules and its action continues until V2 receptors are down regulated (vasopressin escape) [5]. There are multiple etiological factors as mentioned earlier cause inappropriate ADH secretion.

When there is an increase in blood glucose, the beta cells detect this change and respond instantly by releasing stored insulin while rapidly producing more, vice-versa when low blood sugar levels are detected. When blood glucose levels decrease, the alpha cells also detect this change and also respond by instantly releasing glucagon and rapidly producing more of the hormone. The adrenal gland secretes a number of hormones that regulate a balance between the process of blood glucose that enters and leaves the blood which maintains a stable blood glucose level. One of these hormones is epinephrine, also known as adrenaline is secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Epinephrine can be released into the bloodstream, resulting in an increase in glucose metabolism. This reaction known as “fight or flight” ultimately prepares the body for intense activity. The effectors of this mechanism is the liver that is referred to on the model, adipose tissue and the skeletal muscles. The diagram shows that the liver both stores glycogen and produces glucose, helping the blood glucose levels to remain constant. It produces glucose by the breakdown of poly saccharide glycogen that is stored in the liver cells. These liver cells

A primary source is result of an original scientific research or observation. Some examples include scholarly journals that are reporting original research/findings written by the original researcher, original documents (diaries, speeches, manuscripts, interviews), and creative works (poetry, novels, music, art).

On a Thursday morning, there was a handover regarding the hypoglycaemic attack of a diabetic resident that was treated promptly. Nevertheless, further monitoring and management was still advised as hypoglycaemic relapses might occur.

A person is doing the 40-hour famine. This is when the person cannot eat for 48 hours to raise money for World Vision. When a person does not eat for 48 hours they are not ingesting any glucose from food so there will be a deficiency of blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels are monitored by the islets of Langerhans. Low blood glucose levels are sensed by the alpha cells in the islets so during the 40-hour famine when blood sugars fall below 5mM, alpha cells sense this and release the polypeptide hormone glucagon. Glucagon raises blood glucose levels in a way that is antagonistic to insulin. Its effect is to increase blood glucose levels and its effect is most powerful when insulin levels in the blood

Symptoms of malaria includes headache, fatigue, muscle aches, and abdominal discomfort followed by fever. Sometimes malaria may also cause diarrhea, anemia, nausea, vomiting, enlarged lever and jaundice. Failure to prompt treatment might cause mental confusion, kidney failure and death. Hypoglycameia and severe anemia is quite common in children. In pregnant women, malaria leads to intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, and indirect mortality from abortion, as well as increases infant mortality.

Reactive hypoglycemia, a rare form of hypoglycemia, increases insulin levels after the consumption of excess carbohydrates, leading to a drop in blood glucose levels. This differs from conventional hypoglycemia where blood glucose drops several hours after a meal, but can easily be returned to normal by the consumption of food. Reactive hypoglycemia can cause fatigue, dizziness, shakiness, and in extreme cases, a coma. Although no effective treatments exist, glucagon, a peptide hormone derived from pancreatic alpha cells, seems to reduce symptoms. In the proposed experiment, the effectiveness of glucagon relative to a regimen of dietary control, exercise, and Acarbose will be tested on Zucker-diabetic-fatty (ZDF) rats (Rattus rattus). Three

Alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete a polypeptide made up of 29 amino acids. This polypeptide is the catabolic hormone glucagon. Glucagon production and secretion is stimulated in the alpha cells when blood glucose is low and additional glucose needs to be released (as glycogen) from its place storage place in the liver. Glucagon is released from the alpha cells and travels via the the blood stream to the liver, where it stimulates glycogen to convert into glucose. Just as low levels of blood glucagon stimulate the alpha cells to secrete glucagon, high levels of blood glucose inhibit production of glucagon by the alpha cells.

The main function of the pancreas is maintaining blood glucose levels to about 70-150 milligrams per decilitre. The pancreas does this by measuring if the blood sugar level is too high or low, if it is not the correct level then a hormone is released. If the blood sugar level is too high insulin is released from the beta cells and causes glucose to enter body cells to be used for energy but sometimes can stimulate glucose to turn to glycogen in the liver. However, if it is too low then glucogen is released into the blood which causes the stored glycogen in the liver to break down

Answer 1: the insulin and glucagon works together, they keep the glucose levels in the blood within the normal range. One of the main functions of insulin is to facilitate the uptake of glucose by body cells, the liver will then uptake the glucose and store it as glycogen, blood glucose returns to its normal levels due these action. Whenever there is decrease in blood glucose, insulin stimulates the alpha cells in the pancreas to produce enough glucagon. The conversation of glycogen to glucose happens whenever the glucagon travels to the liver. The release of glucose in the bloodstream returns levels back to normal.