Hypothalamus Metabolic Rate

Calcium can sometimes act like a natural diuretic, helping the kidneys release sodium and water. Also, when calcium levels in the blood drop, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released, which causes calcium to be released from the bones to increase calcium blood levels and PTH can raise blood pressure. Scientists are still trying to figure out how and why, but

The patient in “The Red Hat Hikers” scenario is suffering from hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 136mEq/L. Sodium is an electrolyte that is found predominately in the extracellular fluid, and it is the chief regulator of water in the body. Sodium is also important for muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance and chemical reactions that occur inside the cell (McCance & Huether, 2014). Normal sodium levels in the body are maintained by the kidneys and the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex at the completion of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and it helps stimulate the proximal tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water. The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also indirectly affects sodium levels because it regulates water balance in the body (McCance & Huether, 2014).

After drinking water, the control and test subjects had gradual increase of urine flow, reaching a peak then decreasing again, whereas the desmopressin subject had decreased urine flow after taking the hormone, thereafter plateauing. According to the Dunnett’s t test between the urine flow of the subjects, the urine flow of the treatment subjects was significantly different to that of the control.

Stimulus for their release = lowered blood pressure or low salt or water concentration in the blood will stimulate the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.

Water is the most abundant compound in the human body. Water is ESSENTIAL for the process of homeostasis. Water increases the volume of blood which in result affects blood pressure and the heart rate. Also, if there is a drop in blood volume there is also a drop in the blood pressure. This then triggers us to become thirsty, and drinking water increases the volume again stabalizing the body.

According to American Cancer Society, in our bodies most people are born with two bean shaped organs, found attached to the back wall of the abdomen, these are called kidneys. As you grow in life your kidneys have multiple jobs, but the biggest job is that they act as a filter in your body. They will take in the blood and filter any substance not needed, such as excess water, salt, and other waste. Once the process of filtering anything bad begins, your kidneys will kick out what we know as urine. American Cancer Society says the kidneys will also “help keep your blood pressure controlled”, by making a hormone called, renin. Need more red blood cells? Don’t worry, your kidneys will make another hormone, known as erythropoietin, sending a message

Maria is a 19 year old female that is 5’8” tall and weighs 145 lbs. Based on the use of an online calculator, her BMI would be 22.0 (nih.gov). Which would put her in the normal weight range, but only 3 points from being overweight and 8 points from being considered obese. The use of another online calculator would determine that she needs to consume 2316 calories per day to survive (Adult energy needs). The Basal Metabolic Rate or BMR for Maria would be 1516.05 (BMR calculator). BMR is defined as the amount of energy used by the body in a sedentary state with no digestion occurring. Running 2.5 miles while traveling at 4.76 miles per hour would take 31.5 minutes and burn roughly 262 calories. Based on Maria’s vitals, her running three times a week would burn off roughly 786 calories. She burns a total of 110441.4 calories each month. Then she consumes 119820 calories a month leading to a net of +9378.6 calories a month. Which when divided by the number of calories in a pound (3500 calories0 is a gain of 2.7 pounds a month or 32.4 pounds a year.

Adrenal glands are endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys (Shier et al., 2009). The adrenal glands secrete hormones that increase heart rate, the force of cardiac muscle contraction, breathing rate, elevate blood pressure and blood glucose level. This activity prepares the body foe energy expending action, sometimes called fight or flight responses (Shier et al., 2009).

Angiotensin II stimulates blood flow by increasing a person's arterial blood pressure. High blood pressure destroys the glomerulus filtration by over spilling proteins. The increase in blood volume cause secretion of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone which return cause sodium and fluid to build up in the kidney. Because the patient already has poor blood flow, the ACE inhibitors cause the arterial and venous blood pressure to decrease even

Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders affect millions of people worldwide. Pathogenesis of these diseases is not already well known. Thus, diagnosis and choice of treatment is mainly based on classification of symptoms. Previously simple metabolic pathway analysis approaches, in which usually one cascade is studied, allowed to determine various perturbations in biological systems present under CNS pathological states, but seem insufficient to obtain an overall picture of a system metabolism. It means that novel approaches are firmly needed. Metabolomics offers a novel and promising perspective to understand global metabolism. Approaches applied allow to investigate several metabolic pathways simultaneously (targeted metabolomics) or unbiased

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. Being just the size of pea, the pituitary gland has huge role in the brain. It has three sections know as the anterior, intermediate, and the posterior lobes. To begin, the anterior lobe is primarily involved with the development of the body, maturation, and reproduction. The hormones produced by the anterior lobe adjust growth, stimulates adrenal and thyroid glands along with the ovaries and testes. The anterior lobe also generates prolactin which allows new mothers to produce milk. Then there is the intermediate lobe which releases a hormone that stimulates the cells that control pigmentation known as the melanocytes. Lastly, there is the posterior lobe

The mechanism of hypotonic imbalance is the decrease in serum sodium levels as a result of factors such as diuresis or profuse sweating (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 103). This results in less extracellular fluid concentration than salt solution (0.9 %), leading the swelling of cells.

Angiotensin II helps stimulates the release of ADH which function is to assist in urinary reabsorption of Sodium chloride (NaCl) and increase water reabsorption through the process of osmosis. This action increases the reduction of water in urine (concentrated urine

There is a pair of kidneys in the human body. They are situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist where one on either side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units which are called nephrons and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter which is called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephron (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008) the kidneys have three major functions. Firstly, the kidneys are excretion of waste from plasma in the blood. The second function is that, they maintain of extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys have a role in hormone synthesis.

A Diuretic is any substance that promotes the production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from bodies, although each class does so in a distinct way. Alternatively, an antidiuretic such as vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, is an agent or drug which reduces the excretion of water in urine.Diuretics increase the rate of urine flow and sodium excretion and are used to adjust the volume and/or composition of body fluids in a variety of clinical situations, including hypertension, heart failure, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis. By definition, diuretics are drugs that increase the rate of urine flow; however, clinically useful diuretics also increase the rate of excretion of Na+ (natriuresis) and of an accompanying anion, usually Cl-. NaCl in the body is the major determinant of extracellular fluid volume, and most clinical