Hypothyroidism

Hashimoto’s Disease is a chronic Lymphocytic thyroiditis also known as autoimmune thyroiditis. It is due to chronic inflammation; the disease is a failure of the thyroid gland. Hashimoto’s disease is the most common inflammatory disorder of the thyroid and the leading cause of having hypothyroidism. The name of the disease came from a Japanese surgeon named Hashimoto Hakaru. Hakaru first described the chronic disease as Struma Lymphomatosa in a pathology report in the year 1912. Hashimoto’s Disease is a genetic trait and found to be more common in women then in men; and commonly found in women between the ages of thirty to fifty years of age. Hashimoto’s Disease can be found in children too; in the first-degree relatives that have the disease is found to have an increased incident.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the thyroid. The thyroid is a small gland at the base of the neck that produces hormones and that help control most of the bodies activities. Inflammation to the thyroid, from Hashimoto’s, often leads to hypothyroidism, an underactive thyroid gland. Hashimoto’s disease is the number one cause of hypothyroidism in the United States. It mainly affects middle aged women but Hashimoto’s can affect men, women of any age, and even children (“Hashimoto’s Disease-National Library of Medicine-PubMed Health,” 2014).

According to The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis begins with a physical exam and medical history. A goiter, nodules, or growths may be found during a physical exam, and symptoms may suggest hypothyroidism. Health care providers will then perform blood tests to confirm the diagnosis. Diagnostic blood tests may include the TSH, which, if above normal lab values, means a patient has hypothyroidism. Blood tests also include T4, which is the amount of thyroid hormone in the blood. In hypothyroidism, the blood lab values are lower than normal. The anti-thyroid antibody tests look for presence of thyroid autoantibodies. Most people with Hashimoto’s disease have these antibodies; however, hypothyroidism isn’t always caused

In order to evaluate thyroid function and diagnose thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, the free thyroxine (free T4) lab test is performed usually after discovering that the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level is abnormal (Porth C 2014 p.1288)

According to one study found, this disease is seen more often in people between the ages of 45 to 65 years old.2 Another epidemiologic study also showed a female predominance of 10:1 to 20:1, and that the disease is more commonly seen in women rather than men.2, 5 During this study, 102 families were chosen to be observed and were made up of 540 individuals to determine if there is a significant genetic component to Hashimoto thyroiditis.5 While a high percentage of adults who had an autoimmune disorder such as trisomy 21 or Turner syndrome showed greater risk for having Hashimoto thyroiditis, a small group of about 20 percent had an indistinguishable clinical hypothyroidism much different from Hashimoto thyroiditis.5 Finally, an analyses of genome linkage in families with Hashimoto thyroiditis showed evidence that some loci, like chromosomes 6p and 12q, could be harboring genes that are already linked to this

The patient’s diagnosis is primary overt hypothyroidism. The patient presents with certain features such as weight gain, weakness, excessively dry flaking skin, dry hair, sluggish movements, constipation, bradycardia, diminished deep tendon reflexes, and bilateral edematous hands, which is classical signs and symptoms for primary hypothyroidism. The patient laboratory test reveals she has an elevation in serum thyroid stimulating hormone level along with low serum free thyroxin and triiodthyronine levels, which indicates it is a dysfunction or abnormality in the thyroid gland as opposed to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus (Gaitonde; Lohano; Porth, 2015, p. 780; Ross, 2014).

Hashimoto’s disease also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that causes hypothyroidism. An autoimmune disease is a disease that stems from an irregular response from the immune system to attack the patient’s own cells specifically those in the thyroid gland. In Hashimoto’s disease the antibodies actually attack and destroy cells of the thyroid gland. This destruction leads to a drop in the production of the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). When the body detects the decreased production of T3 and T4 it begins to try to correct the imbalance and creates an increased production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus which then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release the thyroid

This article states that although anyone can develop this disease, but that women are more affected than men. As far as ethnicity goes, it is also more common among Asian and Caucasian women, then it is in African-American women. It tends to develop in people that are between the ages of twenty to sixty five. Researchers believe that it is not preventable because it is hereditary. It is also thought that

Hypothyroidism is a disease where the thyroid does not make the accurate amount of hormones. If a person has Hypothyroidism they might encounter constipated, fatigue, weight gain, thinning hair, skin dryness, and or hoarseness of the voice. Peripheral neuropathy might occur after a constant untreated Hypothyroidism. The relationship is not really clear. Hypothyroidism can cause edema. MacKay-sims and Beard think Peripheral neuropathy may be a cause of olfactory disorders. Thyroxine is necessary for normal development of the Nervous System including the make of new olfactory receptor neuron. Hypothyroidism ruins the growth of the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory disorders are commonly caused by upper respiratory tract infections. It is unclear rather subjectively smell and taste is from primary hypothyroidism because a person has to special equipment. So, they decided to focus objectively focus on the relationship between the influence of hypothyroidism and

Hypothyroidism is the result of the thyroid gland not secreting adequate amounts of thyroid hormones. With this condition, all metabolic processes slow down. Hypothyroidism originates from various causes. It can be autoimmune in nature when the immune system produces antibodies that attack the body’s own tissues. A pituitary disorder in which the pituitary fails to produce enough TSH has also been reported to be the cause of hypothyroidism. There are other causes noted to result in hypothyroidism such as iodine deficiency, pregnancy, and a thyroidectomy which is the removal of the thyroid glands. During my clinical rotation in the orthopedic unit, I cared for a patient who has a diagnosis of hypothyroidism and has had a thyroidectomy in the past.

Hashimoto's can also be part of a condition called Type 1 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, an inherited autoimmune disease affecting different organs in the body. Hashimoto's is 7 times more likely to develop in women than in men. The most common symptoms are enlarged thyroid, fatigue, constipation, dry skin, muscle

The thyroid gland is a part of the endocrine system. This gland is responsible for the production and regulation of thyroid hormones (TH), which plays vital roles in most if not all the bodily mechanisms. This essay would firstly describe and explain the normal physiology of the thyroid gland and its hormones. Then, it would move on to explain the pathophysiology of a thyroid diseased condition called hypothyroidism. Finally, it will then portray the treatment using levothyroxine (levo isomer of thyroxine) and the response the drug has in the body.

The thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland that is located in the front of your neck. This glands purpose is to act as the control center for your body and secrete hormones that help sustain the organs. Two conditions that can affect the thyroid to become overactive or underactive are called hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The main difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is the thyroid’s hormone production. Hyperthyroidism is a disorder where your thyroid gland creates too much of the hormone thyroxine and this is known as throtoxicosis. Thyroxine is the primary hormone secreted into the bloodstream and is vital in heart and digestive functions, regulating metabolic rate, and maintaining bone, just to name a few. Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a disease that affects the Thyroid Gland located in the lower part of the neck, is wrap around trachea . The Thyroid Gland looks like a butterfly, the two wings are the lobes and the middle part is called Isthmus. Hypothyroidism is disease where a person's thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. The thyroid hormones are very important, it affects your growth, development and other cellular process. Having hypothyroidism can bring many problems to your body.

The physician usually will check the patient’s triiodothyronine (T3) thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. The TSH is the most important of the three test in determining hyperthyroidism in patients. All patients with TSH stimulating hormone levels greater than 10 mIU/L should be treated for hyperthyroidism. It is when the TSH levels are less than 10 mIU/L that the patient signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism should be considered in treatment. According to Drugs and Therapy Perspectives (2012), this is because although subclinical disease may progress to overt disease, and serum TSH levels greater than 10 mIU/L are associated with a decline in lipid profiles, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate a link between adverse cardiac events, cardiac dysfunction, neuro-psychiatric symptoms or systemic hypothyroidism symptoms and TSH levels greater than or equal to 10 mIU/L. (p. 17) Nurses should evaluate the patients understanding of the test and the need for the testing not only for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism but for the continued treatment on the