Hypoxia Case Study

He became trapped inside his car, sustaining abrasions to his face, forehead and temple, as well as lacerations to his left thigh. By the time the ambulance arrived, he had lost a litre of blood and bruising developed on both thighs, presumably from being crushed. Upon arrival at the hospital, the patient's extremities were cold, he was semicomatose, his blood pressure was low, and he was experiencing tachycardia. All of these signs, and the large loss of blood were indicators the patient could go into hypovolemic shock. Therefore, 3L of saline was administered to manage his condition.

With all living organisms, a process known as cell respiration is integral in order to provide the body with an essential form of energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen, although an essential part of this process, can form reactants from colliding with electrons associated with carrier molecules. (pb101.rcsb.org, 2017). Hydrogen peroxide is an integral product of this reaction but is known to impose negative effects on the body if high levels are introduced. Explicitly, this reaction is caused “If oxygen runs into (one of these) carrier molecules, the electron may be accidentally transferred to it. This converts oxygen into dangerous compounds such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which can attack the delicate sulphur atoms and metal ions in proteins.” (pdbh101.rcb.org, 2017). Research has suggested that the hydrogen peroxide can be converted into hydroxyl radicals, known to mutate DNA, which can potentially cause bodily harm due to DNA’s role in the synthesis of proteins. These radicals can cause detrimental effects on the human body, and studies have suggested a link to ageing. Due to the harmful effects of these H2o2, it is important that the body finds a way to dispose of hydrogen peroxide before concentrations are too great.

Urate hydroperoxide is formed when urate is oxidized to a radical that subsequently adds to superoxide. It is produced by activated white blood cells called neutrophils and by enzymes that include xanthine oxidase and peroxidase. Previous studies characterized the formation of urate hydroperoxide and its oxidation of small biomolecules (1-3). My work involved optimizing urate hydroperoxide production by xanthine oxidase and lactoperoxidase, and exploring how it reacts with thiols and thiol-dependent enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).

Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition caused by loss of whole blood (hemorrhage), plasma (burns), or interstitial fluid (diaphoresis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, emesis, diuresis, and diarrhea) in large amounts. This makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body (Heller, 2014). The severe compromise in blood flow and therefore systemic perfusion contributes to cerebral, renal, or hepatic ischemia and possible organ failure. It is the most common type of shock in children with dehydration and trauma being the most common factors (McCance, 2010. pp 1703).

Describe complications that can occur as a result of dialysis and identify nursing measures that are designed to prevent these complications.

Its reaction with superoxide to form peroxynitrite: Nitric oxide reacts with superoxide to yield peroxynitrite which is a potent oxidant thus can react with almost all biological molecules. For example: peroxynitrite anion combine with carbon dioxide to form nitroso peroxycarbonate adduct, and decomposes into NO3 anion and CO2.

Hypoxia defines as oxygen deficiency that had influence benthic communities through time. In broad-scale effects of hypoxia it had studied that it has positive and negative result in the ecosystem. Organisms living near the seabed commonly called benthic organism mostly depends nutrients from inorganic material such as oxygen. Critical decrease of oxygen may lead to the alteration of benthic density, biomass and diversity. In Chesapeake Bay, USA, hypoxia is typically a summer phenomenon according to Seitz et.al due to the runoff, sinking of algal blooms, high benthic respiration and stratification of water. Severity decrease of oxygen leads to hypoxic stress wherein flux in the ecosystem levels were observed. Though main effects are adverse such as reduction of benthic species abundance and biomass it also attributes a change in behavioral response of benthic organism, that are either

Hypemic hypoxia hypoxia is caused by the reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen. To the pilot, this means that, even though there is an adequate supply of oxygen to breathe, the blood's capacity to carry the oxygen to the cells has been impaired. There are a variety of reasons for this to happen. Anemia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin abnormalities, sulfa drugs, nitrites, and carbon monoxide interfere with the ability of the blood to carry oxygen, reducing the amount of oxygen the blood can carry to the cells. The most common cause for hypemic hypoxia in aviation is when carbon monoxide is inhaled because of aircraft heater malfunctions, engine manifold leaks, or cockpit contamination with exhaust from other aircraft. Hemoglobin bonds with carbon

Nursing care of hyponatremia require understanding of the relationship between sodium and fluid balance and the role of vasopressin, recognition of a patient’s volume status, onset of the of sodium deficit, severity of signs and symptoms, and degree of the sodium deficit. Depending on the severity (acute vs chronic) of the condition and the selected treatments, serum sodium levels should be measured every 1- 2 hours during initial treatment and at least every 4 hours until symptoms resolve. Oral care is important as patients to have a dry mouth due to fluid restrictions. According to hyponatremia treatment guidelines chronic hyponatremia must be corrected to less than 10 to 12 mEq/L over 24 hours and less than 18 mEq/L over 48 hours in order

sodium is the most abundant electrolyte on the extra cellular fluid, and is a good indicator of water body balance. Water always follow sodium.

When our brains are deprived of oxygen it is called cerebral anoxia.Our brain needs approximately 3.3 ml of oxygen per 100 g of brain tissue per minute,Usually our bodies respond to lowered blood oxygen by redirecting the blood flow the brain and increasing your cerebral blood flow.Sometimes blood flow will increase up to twice its normal flow but no more.If the blood flow or increased blood flow is sufficient enough to supply the brain the oxygen it needs then no symptoms will occur,however if the blood flow cannot be increased or if doubled blood flow does to correct it,symptoms of cerebral

There are millions of people that have been diagnosed with respiratory diseases among the United States. All the respiratory conditions affect individuals and their families not only in their health but also in their economic aspect. In humans, it is considered normal oxygen concentration between 9.5% to 4.6% but there are parts of the body, as neurons, that are very sensitive to oxygen. Low oxygen concentration in our body tissues is known as hypoxia and consequently your body will not properly function. There are several factors that can contribute to this condition for example, having respiratory problems, diseases or complications, lung damage, drugs and cardiovascular diseases.

Upon induction, iNOS generates significant amounts of NO (micromolar range) and lasting until the enzyme is degraded, sometimes for hours (80). The considerable amount of NO produced helps to defend against invading pathogens and is thus critical for the inflammatory response and the innate immune system. Inappropriately high NO concentrations from overexpression or dysregulation of iNOS, on the other hand, can result in toxic effects and is associated with a variety of human diseases, including septic shock, cardiac dysfunction, pain, diabetes, and cancers (161). The dual activity of iNOS-related NO (helpful vs. harmful) is highly concentration dependent. Therefore, regulation of its production is important for both maintaining its proper physiological functions and controlling its deleterious

A) CYBA, CYBB, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations can cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) (15). The most common form of CGD shows X-linked inheritance pattern and only affects males. There are also autosomal recessive forms of CGD that affect both sexes (16). The proteins produced from the affected genes form part of NADPH oxidase. NADPH oxidase is involved in the production of superoxide within phagocytes. NADPH oxidase is also thought to regulate the activity neutrophils (15). CGD patients are unable to produce reactive oxygen species and suffer from life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections due to genetic defects in NADPH oxidase components (16). Neutrophils are one of the key killing components of S.aureus. S.aureus

The paper presents a review, analysis and a study on hypoxia faced by pilots at higher altitudes. The problems faced by pilots of commercial flights and the ways and means of dealing with them with the use of technology used in military planes will be the point of discussion and focus. The usage of technology that minimize the conditions of hypoxia at higher altitudes and reduction of its