I Am Philip Roth 's The Human Stain

Desmond, Matthew, and Mustafa Emirbayer. Racial Domination, Racial Progress: the Sociology of Race in America. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010.

Recent events that have highlighted racial tension in the United States have had even a larger number of opinions that vary regarding why the nation continues to struggle with such a challenging issue. In our text Chapter 6 titled “The City/Suburban Divide” (Judd & Swanstrom, 2015, p. 136) identifies a subject that very well may contribute to the tension. A reference to the “urban crisis” describes a landscape that is littered with “high levels of segregation, inequality and poverty, along with racial and ethnic tensions.” (Judd, et al., p. 165) Many scholars argue that the crisis was a result of the demographic changes the nation experienced following World War II as advancements in technology and infrastructure aided White Mobility. The term “White Flight” has been used to describe a massive relocation early in the twentieth century when the White Middle-Class population left the cities for suburban areas following the great migration.

It was perplexing time for The New York Times; a chapter, in their long-run, of fabrications that are now consider fabulists and egregious plagiarism. Hard News by Seth Mnookin, recounts the time a narcissistic and pedantic executive editor, named Howell Raines took took charged of the steering-wheel of one of the most reliable and prominent newspapers in the nation. It is described how Raines and other high-profiled and important figures for the paper, such as managing editor Gerald M. Boyd, dealt with the Jayson Blair’s scandal. The Jayson Blair scandal is about the terrible repercussions when plagiarism and fabulism is committed by a reporter. It not only tarnishes the reporter’s reputation but the newspaper’s transparency as a whole. I

Should websites such as Wikipedia, Answers.com, and Reference.com be monitored for false information? Author, John Seigenthaler in his narrative article published in 2005 in the USA Today “A False Wikipedia Biography,” he begins his personal story by describing how his character was assassinated by publishing false and malicious “biography” under his name on Wikipedia, the popular, online, free encyclopedia. His first goal is to convey millions of people that Wikipedia is a flawed and irresponsible research tool. His second goal is to raise the awareness of how Wikipedia works. By establishing his credibility, building his case slowly, and appealing to both logic and emotions, Seigenthaler succeeds in writing an interesting and informative

Through examining the text’s ethos in regards to credibility, it can be suggested that Gee is an appropriate and reliable journalist for this piece. Moreover, in 2002, Gee was the recipient

Despite the efforts made, civil rights have not been fully achieved in the United States of America, on the contrary, racial disparities appear to be increasing (Barlow & Barlow, 2002).

With regards to Walter Lippman’s quote in 1922, it is fair to dispute that ‘News is just someone’s version of events’. Due to the changing society over the past years since the quote and the increased number of factors to consider, it raises the question of how precise, accurate and relevant this quotation is in the present day. However, some factors must be considered when debating the credibility of the quotation: ‘news is just someone’s version of events,’ as it can be affected by a number of reasons. These can include factually based stories, changing market conditions, partisan and ‘churnalism’; more specifically- ‘flat earth’ stories. Therefore, when considering these factors affecting news stories, it is can be argued that news isn’t ‘someone’s version of events’, because the article is either purely fact and leaves no room for opinion, or the version of events or news story has been manipulated due to changing market conditions or ‘churnalism’. However, when a news story is initially sought, it is also believed that a reporter should find a story and that the news story is true and a chronological order of the events in which the reporter witnessed at the time, furthermore supporting the quotation. On top of this, when biased media organisations include their opinion or political stance, this can also be argued that it is ‘their ‘version of events.’

Wilson, W.J. (1978) The declining significance of race: Blacks and changing American institutions: 2nd ed. Chicago University of Chicago press

Brownell, Mixon, and MacLean all strive to present a straightforward explanation of how racial tensions led to the events discussed in their articles, and the impact in they presented in everyday southern society. All of these articles actively described the effects of racism, but also present a deeper understanding to the underlying causes from primary and secondary sources, directly contributed to the drastic changes, yet similarities still present in modern-day Atlanta.

The national problem over the Brown v. Board of Education court case had come to an end as integration of public facilities was beginning. People were mostly being excepted, Many things were still separated out of national control like water fountains, bathrooms and much more, even though they were accepted they still were not ‘accepted’ into the white society’s eye. Not only did they have to work harder but these under privileged members had to earn what they did and now their “Progress is…[apart of the] largely suppressed story of race and race relations over the past half-century. And thus it’s news that more than 40 percent of African Americans now consider themselves members of the middle class. Forty-two percent own their own homes

In the article “Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-racialism” the author Lawrence Bobo reflects on the racial justice struggle from the mid 1960’s in the South. Post-racialism in America was hoped to collapse after the election of the first African-American President Barack Obama of the United States in 2008. Post-racialism is defined to signal signs of racial change of a hopeful trajectory for events and social trends (Bobo, 2006, p.93). Three key questions discussed were racial boundaries, the degree of racial economic inequality, and what is known about changes in racial attitudes from the 1960’s in the United States to 2017.

“The Truth Wears Off” is an article written by Jonah Lehrer. This article discusses the issues raised by a phenomenon called the decline effect and how it impacts scientific research. On September 23rd, 2014, we had a group discussion in class about this article and our group felt a strong credibility issue with the author because he had no citations used in his article. Also, according to NYU journalism professor Charles Seife, Jonah Lehrer recycled some of his own material for the New Yorker posts and had fabricated quotes in one of his books (Moos). This credibility issue from the author is a problem for me as a reader because I am not sure if the issues raised in this article are factual. The members in my group discussion include Lisa Wallner, Lisa Spreitz, Dusty Gill, Allan Robinson and myself. An author's credibility is crucial because the level of credibility in an author could change how a reader interprets an article.

However, regardless of whether the print industry actually is dying or not, a publisher is responsible, both legally and ethically, for every manuscript they put onto our shelves. This essay argues that publishers need to make fact checking part of the standard publishing procedure to uphold their legal and ethical responsibilities to the public. Forbidden Lies by Norma Khouri will be used as a case study throughout the essay. First, this essay will give a brief overview of the Norma Khouri hoax, then move on to discuss why fact checking is not commonplace in the book publishing industry. Next, it will assess where the legal and ethical responsibilities lie — with the author or publisher. After this, it will examine the financial repercussions and damage to a publisher 's reputation after the publication of a literary hoax. Then, it will begin to examine the ethical damage literary hoaxes cause to the readers who are

Already I can tell that this book is more difficult than most other novels I have read. It seems as though Roth is in favor of using long sentences and complex vocabulary. I sometimes had to reread sentences a few times because there was difficult vocabulary I needed to look up and the sentences were long. I needed to read each sentence piece by piece to make sure I could understand what the author wanted to convey to the reader. Although the text seemed overwhelming when I read the first few pages; once I began reading sentences in increments I could more easily understand the text.

Wikipedia counts 75,000 editors who check the articles and their content to make sure that the information is valid and reliable. According to Schaffer (2009), the journal Nature conducted a study in 2005 and proved that Wikipedia is just as valid as any other encyclopedia, including Britannica, keeping in mind that errors and vandalism can occur to any of them (para. 2).