I. INTRODUCTION: Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), also known as optical frequency division

In this modern day and age of computing, networks are a huge part of IT. It is important now more than ever that data sent over any network, whether it be a LAN (Local Area Network) or WAN (Wide Area Network; The Internet) is kept safe, private (when required) and uninterrupted in

In the technological field of computers, a spanning tree protocol is a combination of networks which are used so that they can ensure that there exists a system for the Ethernet networks that have no loops in their layout. It has one primary goal in such a network, and it is to prevent all bridge loops and radiation that may be caused about by broadcasting through the consecutive use of these network protocols. This translates to spanning tree protocols creating an environment for network designs where they can include redundant links present in the case that the user may require a backup if the primary route used to access the link fails to work. The reroute of the links is done with less danger presented by the bridge loops and reducing the need for enabling and disabling these backup links. According to

A goal of redundant topologies is to eliminate network down time caused by a single point of failure. All networks need redundancy for enhanced reliability. Network reliability is achieved through reliable equipment and network designs that are tolerant to failures and faults. Networks should be designed to reconverge rapidly so that the fault is bypassed.

In order to support their growing business, Global Finance, Inc. (GFI) has taken necessary actions to ensure their network remains fault tolerant and resilient from any network failures. GFI has acquired network devices in order to support their network and maintain interconnection among their employees and customers.

Network reliability is the ability of a network to maintain or restore an acceptable level of performance during network failures by application various restoration techniques and prevention of service outages from network failures by applying preventative techniques. (Network Survivability, 2001). Computing the reliability of a network is quite difficult; therefore estimation by means of simulation is a popular choice for determining network reliability.

A node with the best behavior is assigned with the highest trust value e.i. 2, the nodes detected with the malicious behavior is assigned with the trust value < 0.5. The road side units (RSUs) are updated with the calculated trust values. Here, attacks related to the Link layer and physical layer are not considered. Instead, we have route trust values of the nodes and total number of nodes. Main advantage of the system is that malicious nodes are isolated from taking part in the network communication as we consider only most trustworthy node in the network.

In contrast, Cisco Layer 2 Resiliency advantages are claimed to offer rapid failover without service disruption. The layer 2 is designed to streamline change management and service turn-up without WAN disruption with fewer errors. It offers a high availability through real-time recovery and resiliency at the network, device and design levels. Cisco Layer 2 Resiliency offers increased system redundancy at the platform level, network security through access layer defense, identity-based trust, pervasive security and management as well as providing device posture assessments. Operational efficiency is achieved through automated configuration, proactive diagnostics and simplified troubleshooting. This is designed to provide predictable application performance to support converged applications as well as support IP multicast for new applications.

To implement proposed and existing schemes and compared in terms of throughput, delay and packetloss

Analyze network components and their primary functions in a typical data network from both logical and physical perspectives.

Investment of fault-tolerant redundant network configurations and machines for replacement of similar machines if it is disabled helps in preventing DoS attack since services are restored quickly (Gollmann, 2012).

Automated processes and network links for sharing data will change from time to time and hardware components will fail. This means there is an ongoing need to monitor and manage physical sharing arrangements and resolve failures as they arise. Once sharing arrangements are established if it may be assumed that everything will continue to operate without failure – and often they will for years, but when there is a failure it then can take some time to identify the issue and resolve it. This takes us into the need to manage data sharing.

These sub-carriers are orthogonal to each other. It is very much popular scheme used in digital television, audio broadcasting and 4G communications. OFDM has the ability to deal with severe channel fading conditions without complex equalization filters. Due to the longer symbol period and the CP extension, OFDM is more robust against the effect of timing offset and delay spread in multipath fading channels. OFDM also gain higher spectral efficiency due to the overlapping of the subcarrier spectrum which are orthogonal to each other. The major drawback of OFDM is high

From the beginning, efficiency and speed in the telecommunications industry has advanced at a fast pace owing to fiber optic technology. In 1979, AT&T filled the telecommunications industry with revolutionary ideas by developing a mode for data transmission using a light, called fiber optic cable. This mode produced a bandwidth of 44.736 Mbps and could multiplex 672 trunk circuits on one fiber alone (Cole, M. 2000). However, this development was merely the start of a huge extension to telecommunications, something that would transform the industry constantly.

One of the most interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to carry information over large distances. It has been proved in

The field of communications is one in which the technologies are changing on an almost daily basis. Numerous different technologies have been pursued over the past few years; each designed to essentially accomplish several basic purposes in terms of community service. Three of the most actively pursued application include interactive distance learning, video conferencing, and entertainment. While it is the first two, video conferencing and interactive distance learning, which would serve to the best advantage in terms of education and business; it is the last, entertainment which has the most appeal to the largest number of people. The application of various communications applications in