( IBLI ) On Herd Offtake : Evidence From Borena Zone And Southern Ethiopia

Environmental factors are a factor that affect living and nonliving organisms and have participated in Ethiopia’s problem in food deficiency and food insecurity. A large environmental factor that can affect food deficiency and food insecurity is natural hazards and disasters. These can include droughts and floods which can upset agricultural production. For example, grain production and stocks are very low and droughts have hit harvests in grain-producing areas around the world. A more specific example for Ethiopia is that because of Ethiopia’s seasonal rainfall from mid-June to mid-September, soil erosion and

In Ethiopia, about 4.9 million acres of land is devoted to its production every year. From 2003-2005 production statistics indicated that tef accounted for about 29% of the land and 20% of the gross grain production of all major cereal cultivation in the country (National Research Council).

The main industry is the agricultural sector which completely depends on the climate. There are strong linkages between poverty and environmental degradation, particularly poor water management, soil erosion, declining soil fertility and land degradation. In addition, the effects of climate change are undermining an already fragile resource base and have contributed to declining agricultural yields over the past decades. In recent years, drought has become a perennial problem in parts of Kenya. Episodes in 2009 and 2011 generated food emergencies, while flooding in 2010 affected parts of the country severely.

Livestock's contribution to farming agriculture is significant, but over the past few decades, livestock farming has shifted

Droughts are a natural occurrence that has been around for millions of years. Droughts are unpredictable; no one can tell when they are going to take place, the severity, or how long they will last. Impacts on of a drought can send shockwaves thought the region. The economy, agriculture, the environment, and the residents of the region are all affected. (Vicente-Serrano, Beguería, & López-Moreno, 2009, p.1696)

There is no doubt that climate is a considerable element for the agricultural production. However, along with the climate change, extreme weather tends to be more frequent and more intense that destructively affects framing. As a result, the drought occurred in sub-Saharan Africa became continual and long duration, which resulted in poor harvests. In addition,

I know what you're thinking… “But wouldn’t that livestock be used to feed people anyway? and the answer is yes, but it takes 12x the amount of land to produce 1 pound of meat compared to 1 pound of soy, 13x the amount of fossil fuels and 15x as much water. Imagine what we could to with that 30% of the world’s land mass going towards livestock, we could feed much more people with an abundance of healthy, fast growing crops. In the long run these whole grains contain an abundance of fibre and protein without the risk of cholesterol and therefore reducing the risks of being exposed to an array of other

Moreover, this issue connects with human geography through issues in contemporary commercial agriculture. During a drought many crops die due to the lack of water. Thus, many farms suffer to make income because they do not have crops to sell.

Somaliland could be a self-declared autonomous state within the Horn of continent next to the Ethiopian territory. The population is regarding 5 and a 0.5 million people that chiefly receive cash from abroad and indeed, there's no export except placental mammal like artiodactyl, sheep, goat, and cow. Therefore, sixty % of the population is mobile and that they rely upon the rain and therefore the weather.

The changing socioeconomic, political, environmental and climatic atmosphere in developing countries across all over the world has continued to exacerbate the living conditions of most households particularly those living in the rural areas. The supplementary increase in poverty levels has led residents of these economies to devise a number of mechanisms to mitigate the negative effects of these changes. Meanwhile, there has been an increased acknowledgment among researchers especially in the past one or two decades that Africans diversify their ways of living, including on-farm and off-farm activities or market and non- market activities, to mitigate risks inherent in unpredictable

 Changes in global weather patterns has resulted in more crop failures and sharply higher

How they did not adapt to fit the drought: From there adoptions were not taken with the sudden environment change people had no way to fit back. Currently, 12 million are living in the drought. Communities are collapsed and livelihoods destroyed (Girard, 2011). Refugee Camps are being pushed to the limit holding 400,000 people when designed for the capacity of 90,000(Stewart). This is only the begin of the struggle because so many people are already trying to help, but war torn countries continue.

Drought is another factor of climate change that causes severe damages to agriculture and livestock. The effects of drought on agricultural production and livestock holding can be a detrimental issue and result in quality dissatisfaction of products. The agricultural industry can be affected by drought both economically and environmentally. The economical effects of drought on crops and animals can lead to the loss of money and time. When droughts occur farmers lose money because they will have to spend more money earned from their

Weather risk, due to climate change, is getting unpredictable. There are two ways to counter this risk viz. financial instruments and crop genetic improvement. For biological vulnerability, a suitable pesticide or weed management is the obvious solution. Market outreach is possible with digital technology and smart warehouses (Ahmad and Jamshed 2015a). Majority of farmers, if suffering from major diseases due to exposure to hazardous and unhealthy work environment, should get regular health care, insurance and epidemiological facilitation. Government subsidies do help the farmers provided those really reach the targeted farmers fully and timely. The aim of financial inclusion and sustainable growth is to cover these family farmers. Government move to open their bank accounts for giving direct transfer to the beneficiaries is the first step. Regular subsidy doses to cover all the farmers’ risks will not serve the purpose. The input suppliers, service providers, banks, insurance companies, procurement agencies, market functionaries, SHGs, warehouses and commodity exchanges all are to be connected with family farmers through proper linkages. This way government alone will not shoulder the risk coverage responsibility. Market mechanism involving private sector operators in addition to banks, insurance companies and SHGs will take maximum load of risk coverage. The government, without taking full load on its exchequer, may only guarantee or partially or selectively sponsor some

Field loss assessment is a challenge for any insurance program because of the need to use a large number of skilled assessors therefore using an index insurance can significantly reduce administrative costs by reducing the need of fiend assessment. The chance of dispute between the farmers and assessors will also not exist. Another great advantage of index insurance is the fact that there would be less adverse selection and moral hazard. With traditional insurance, there might exist conditions where farmers may actually prefer their crops to fail so that they can receive a payout. However, with index insurance, payout is not linked to the crops survival or failure so the farmer has the incentives to make the best decisions. This greatly reduce moral hazard. For adverse selection, with index insurance, farmers are more likely to buy insurance if they have a higher risk. Due to index insurance, the terms, conditions, and payout scale is predetermined in their area which basically eliminate the adverse selection problem. With index insurance, farmers will feel safer and more likely to take loans from the bank which they will be able to pay back due to the insurance policies way of reducing risk greatly.