IL-6 Gene Polymorphisms

It¡¯s estimate that thirty percent of people with periodontal disease were genetically susceptible. Exposure may also play a role in contracting the disease. People have contracted it from their partners. Pregnancy plays a role as well because when women are pregnant their bodies are generally more susceptible. A pregnant woman¡¯s gums are also extremely sensitive. Other common contributing factors are stress, types of medications a person has taken (oral contraceptives and anti-depressants), diabetes, poor nutrition and bruxism (clenching and grinding your teeth). These factors can be changed or properly maintained in order to stop contributing to the periodontal disease. It is also important to note that these factors cannot be blamed for the main cause of this disease.

The diabetic patients show many complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, delayed wound healing, hyperlipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia. Periodontitis, which is inflammation of the periodontal supporting tissue, is the most common

Having Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with oral infections. A major oral infection that will be discussed is periodontal disease. Periodontal disease and Diabetes Mellitus have a two-way relationship; periodontal disease is the sixth most common complication of Diabetes Mellitus and DM is the strongest risk factor for periodontal disease (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082158). A risk factor that can occur from diabetes is xerostomia; this is the condition of not having enough saliva to keep the mouth wet (http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/Topics/DryMouth/). As a dental hygienist, you should

Periodontal disease can lead you to lose all of your teeth. The mouth is the gateway to the rest of the body; it can be the entering passage between healthy and sick. The moment an infection grows in the mouth, the entire body automatically starts to try to fight it. “…due to significant findings supporting the association between periodontal disease and systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and osteoporosis” (Amar and Kim). It has been suggested that the bacteria of this infection may enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to the blood vessels which then increase clot formation. These clots then lower the blood flow to the heart indicating that a heart attack is a common consequence of gum

These diseases include: respiratory disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke and rheumatoid arthritis. The bacteria that can cause periodontitis can enter the bloodstream through gum tissue, which can possibly affect the heart, lungs and other major organs in the body.

Since diabetes depresses wound healing and creates blood vessel changes, Alice is at an increase risk of gingivitis and periodontitis. I can provide periodontal therapy if Alice is diagnosed with gum disease (Little et al., 2013, p. 236).

There are some grades of systematic inflammation process related to some pathological conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Herpesvirus infections induce a proinflammatory response including expression of cytokines and chemokines. In periodontitis, herpesvirus-induced expression of cytokines is particularly intriguing. HCMV infection can up-regulate interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression of monocytes and macrophage. In turn, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha may up-regulate matrix metalloproteinase, down-regulate tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase, and mediate periodontal bone destruction. Increased production of these proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and monocytes has been associated with enhanced susceptibility to destructive periodontal disease. EBV may act as a potent polyclonal B-lymphocyte activator, capable of inducing proliferation and differentiation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells, features associated with periodontal disease progression. Active EBV infection can also generate antineutrophil antibodies and neutropenia that may lead to increased bacterial pathogenicity and

Apart from the causative factors, numerous contributing factors also play a role in increasing the risk of developing DFUs, one of which is chronic inflammation. Diabetic patients generally suffered a persistent inflammatory response following injury which impede proper wound healing [9]. In particular, there is an elevated number of neutrophils and macrophages

Periodontal disease is the fifth most common health problem in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2015). Periodontal disease is associated with large costs to the health system and reduction in the quality of life, and wealth, of Australians (AHMAC Steering Committee for National Planning for Oral Health, 2001). The greatest contributor to the development of periodontal disease is the accumulation of plaque in the oral cavity. The human immune system responds to plaque by initiating an inflammatory response. This immune response is the beginning of periodontal disease. Plaque is manageable by completing simple oral health care practices such as

Periodontal disease has two categories to classify that is known as gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontal disease is known as a “bacteria infection that induces an inflammatory response in the periodontal tissue”(230 Gehrig,J).

The Effects of Full Mouth Disinfection on Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes with and without Chronic Periodontitis the experimental research was aimed toward the problem of the high periodontal disease prevalence amongst individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: admittedly the researchers found periodontal prevalence rates to be generally higher in diabetics than in those free of the systemic disease (as cited Srirangarajan, Setty, Satvanaravan, & Shetty S, 2016). Literature review can be found within column 2 on page 103, and columns 1 and 2 on page 104. The report used 48 references: 48 of the 34 references came from primary sources, while the remaining 14 came from secondary sources. Experiments were aimed “to

Individuals with diabetes are at higher risk of developing gum disease due to abnormal levels of insulin levels. Inconsistent beta cell function leads to insulin imbalance in the body in diabetics. While many diabetics take exogenous insulin, some settle the matter with pills and medical nutritional therapy to keep their sugar levels in range. Due to the changes in the sugar levels, people with diabetes often face the consequences of periodontal disease and several gum problems. Thus, dental hygiene in diabetics should be properly managed to avoid gum diseases.

Strains of Lactobacillus species are also microhabitats in the periodontal tissues, (including L. reuteri, L. acidophilus, L. brevis) and are in contrast have an important role in prevention of progression of chronic periodontitis. Oral lactobacilli may restrict development of inflammatory lesions in chronic periodontitis. They are producing oral H2O2 that prevent the progress of chronic periodontitis, most probably restricting secretory activity of Th1 7 cells and growth of period onto

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic curcumin therapy 3 on alveolar bone loss in an experimental periodontitis model on rats. 4 Material and Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: 75 5 mg/kg/daily curcumin (C75; n=8), 150 mg/kg/daily curcumin (C150; n=8), Control (n=8), and 6 Ligated (n=8). Curcumin was administrated using gastric gavage. Experimental periodontitis 7 was induced. After 12 days, the rats were sacrificed. Right mandibles, serum samples and 8 gingival homogenates were obtained from the rats. Alveolar bone loss was measured. 9 Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were evaluated in the serum samples and 10 gingival homogenates. The mandible samples were histopathologically examined. Results: 11 The measurements of alveolar bone loss in the mandibular molars revealed significantly 12 higher bone-loss values in the Ligated group than the Control, C75 and C150 groups. The IL- 13 1β levels in the gingival homogenates were significantly increased in the Ligated group 14 compared to those of the Control, C75 and C150 groups. The serum IL-1β levels in the 15 Ligated group were significantly higher than the Control group. The mean osteoblast 16 numbers in the Ligated group were lower than those of the Control, C75 and C150 groups. 17 The C150 groups showed significantly more osteoblasts than the Control group. The 18 osteoclast numbers in the Ligated group increased significantly compared