IPV Consequences

Having a clear understanding of policing domestic violence is essential. Many people always wonder what steps are necessary for preventing domestic violence and making it less tolerant to society. Throughout my entire undergraduate educational experience I have focused primarily on why domestic violence occurs and how it affects the individuals in those particular households. With this research, I am more interested in what researchers believe police should do that would lead to more effective control over domestic violence.

This summarizes report of the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence 2010 survey, will provide statistical information on victims who experienced one or more violent crimes from their husband, wife, boyfriend or girlfriend. These crimes arrange from stalking, rape, to physical and mental abuse. It will examine the impact of intimate partner violence on gender, race, and ethnicity. This report will give an overview of health consequences and the implications for prevention for Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence. Lastly, this summary report will provide a definition of what is the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey and how it is developed.

In this article, I will focus on the circumstances surrounding the IPV in the US, some aspects of emotional/verbal IPV, prevention of IPV, and treatment options. According to CDC, millions of Americans experience IPV across the lifespan (2017). It is a serious public health problem that can be prevented. IPV is highly prevalent in the US, and 1 in 4 adult women have experienced severe physical violence (CDC, 2017). Besides, over 3 million women report cases of IPV yearly. The main reasons for the persistency and subsequent damaging outcomes are because susceptible female partners accept male partner violence, marital attitudes that accept violence in a relationship, poor communication skills, and poor conflict management techniques. Likewise,

Domestic violence has many facets and in no two relationships will it appear the same. According to the American Psychological Association, violence is defined as “an extreme for of aggression, such as assault, rape, or murder,” (American Psychological Association, 2015). Also called intimate partner violence, domestic violence “occurs across age, ethic, gender, and economic lines, among persons with disabilities, and among both heterosexual and same-sex couples,” (American Psychological Association, 2015). Kamimura et al. state, “ Intimate partner violence is a significant health problem often resulting in acute and chronic physical and mental health problems that can lead to hospitalization, disability, and death,” (Kamimura et al., 2014).

Articles found in the review of literature discussed various screening tools and methods that can be used to successfully identify women involved in intimate partner violence. Journals typically reporting on this topic were all known to be scholarly journals such as Journal of Perinatology, European Journal of Public Health, European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Child Health Journal and Journal of Clinical Nursing. Seven studies were found that investigated the prevalence of IPV in women during pregnancy using the Abuse Assessment Screen in various countries during different stages of pregnancy (Bunn et al., 2009; Hellmuth, Gordon, Stuart, & Moore, 2013; Keeling & Mason, 2011; Lutgendorf, Thagard, Rockswold, Busch, & Magann, 2012; Massumi Okada, Komura Hoga, Vilela Borges, Sartori, & Aparecida Belli, 2015; Roelens, Verstraelen, Van Egmond, & Temmerman, 2008). In two of the studies, the population studied were pregnant women in the first trimester and postpartum (Hellmuth et al., 2013; Keeling & Mason, 2011). The next study only looked at women who were postpartum (Massumi Okada et al., 2015). Another study studied women in their third trimester (Velasco, Luna, Martin, Caño, & Martin-de-Las-Heras, 2014). Three studies looked at pregnant women across all trimesters (Hammoury & Khawaja, 2007; Lutgendorf et al., 2012; Roelens et al., 2008). The final two

Over the last few decades, a wide variety of statutory, procedural, and organizational reforms have been enacted throughout the legal system to combat the widespread and destructive effects of domestic violence. Beginning in the 1970’s, efforts focused primarily on implementing legislation that criminalized domestic violence. Police departments instituted pro-arrest or mandatory arrest policies, prosecution increased dramatically, and the courts began using a variety of sanctions such as jail, probation, and mandatory treatment. At the same time, civil legal protections were expanded to cover domestic issues and protection and restraining orders became widespread (Fagan, 1996).

Every year in America, there are millions of women who are physically assaulted by their partners (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). This number is staggering. For the purpose of this literature review, I am defining domestic violence as physical abuse. As domestic violence increases, the need for intervention ever so in demand. Tjaden & Thoeness (2000), describe how the widespread occurrence of domestic violence is influenced by historical and theoretical factors and this is evident with domestic violence intervention. Both of these factors encourage options for treatment for the victims and abusers of domestic violence.

Domestic violence is an act of violence, which is discussed. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an irrefutable social problem that affects millions of Americans, victims, families, and communities. IPV is a known social problem, investigations have attempted to answer questions regarding the extent, prevalence, and the contributing social and psychological factors that influence this type of behavior. Social disorganization is the theory that will coincide with IPV. There are a few social and demographic characteristics for intimate partner violence. Lack of social contact and interaction with neighbors and community members is common in certain areas which lead to a negative environment, poverty is the exception and increases risk through effects on conflict, women’s power, and male identity (Jewkes, 2002). Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a health care issue of epidemic proportions in the U.S. IPV is a pattern of abusive behavior in a relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over the other. Intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by current or former partner or spouse (Intimate Partner Violence, 2015). There are several types of behavior that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the relationship, such as; hitting, slapping, forced sexual intercourse, beating, insults, isolating a person from family and or friends. Acts of physical, sexual violence, emotional abuse, and or

The work of Walthen, Harriet, and Macmillan (2003) examines intimate partner violence and how it is prevalent and associated with significant impairment however, the report states that it is not clear which interventions if any serve to reduce the rates of abuse and reabuse of women. The objective of the study reported is to conduct a systematic review from the view of primary health care of the evidence available on interventions focused at the prevention of abuse or reabuse of women. Data sources reviewed in the study include MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, HealthStar, and Sociological Abstracts were searched from the database start dates to March 2001 using database-specific key words such as domestic violence, spouse abuse, partner abuse, shelters, and battered women." (p.1) Conclusion of the study report that a great deal has been learned about the epidemiology of violence against women however, there is a serious gap in the knowledge about evidence-based approaches in the primary care setting toward the prevention of intimate partner violence. The study concludes by stating that a primary research priority is the evaluations of interventions focused on improving the health and well-being of women who has suffered

Domestic violence can often go unnoticed, unreported and undeterred before it’s too late. Unfortunately, recent awareness efforts have gathered traction only when public outcry for high profile cases are magnified through the media. Despite this post-measured reality, a general response to domestic violence (DV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) by the majority of the public is in line with what most consider unacceptable and also with what the law considers legally wrong. Consider by many, more than just a social discrepancy, the Center of Diseases Control and Prevention currently classifies IPV and DV as a social health problem (CDC, 2014).

Domestic violence has become a topic of increasing interest by many public health professionals. The primary focus of these researchers, as observed through extensive research, tackles domestic violence towards women, with little attention given to the male population. In 2000, the Department of Justice published a report, based on surveys regarding each participants lifetime experiences, that provided evidence to suggest that fifty-five and nine tenths (55.9) percent of women are abused in the United States and sixty-six and nine tenths (66.9) percent of males fall victim to domestic violence (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000, p. 14). The abuse parameters in this report included: rape, attempted and completed; physical assault, throwing objects, pushed, grabbed, shoved, pulled hair, slapped, hit, kicked, bit, choked, tried to drown, hit with object, beat up, threatened with gun or knife and used gun or knife; along with forms of stalking (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a study evaluating the same parameters as Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000. The data in this study found that thirty-five and six tenths (35.6) percent of women and twenty-eight and five tenths (28.5) percent of men fell victim to rape, physical violence, and/or stalking (Black, Basile,

Domestic violence is a social problem that affects individuals, families, and the communities in which they live. The public awareness and understanding of domestic violence has greatly increased over the last few decades. This knowledge has illuminated the prevalence of families suffering in violent environments. This new understanding has given rise to many resources, agencies and services designed to combat the harmful and lasting affects of domestic violence and to give aid to its victims.

Domestic violence is a widespread epidemic. Every 15 seconds a woman is beaten by their husband or partner in the United States alone. Destructive and abusive behaviors in intimate relationships may start as something of not much importance and escalate from there on. An incident of domestic violence is very rarely ever isolated and will more than likely be repeated. These violent incidents tend to happen more frequently and become increasingly more violent over time until they eventually spin out of control unless someone puts a stop to it. According to ¨Violence Against Women, A Majority Staff Report¨ , domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women between the ages of 15 to 44. To put this in perspective, domestic violence

Domestic abuse is a worldwide issue that affects many people and families. We define domestic abuse as,“behaviors that physically harm, arouse fear, prevent a partner from doing what they wish or force them to behave in ways they do not want. It includes the use of physical and sexual violence, threats and intimidation, emotional abuse and economic deprivation. Many of these different forms of domestic violence/abuse can be occurring at any one time within the same intimate relationship” (The National Domestic Violence Hotline). Although being a victim of domestic violence is terrible, there are ways to help the survivors and their families.

Violence has been an ongoing issue, and has increased over the years. There are many different types of violence that can take place, one being domestic violence. Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner. Domestic violence can be physical, sexual, emotional, economic, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person (U.S. Department of Justice, 2014). There is an increase of domestic violence with women being the victims, although men have a high number of being victims of Domestic Violence also. The National Coalition against Domestic Violence states that 85% of domestic violence victims are women (NCADV, 2014). This review explored the different factors that affect women who have been or are currently in domestic violent relationships, with one major issue being substance abuse and the services, if any, that were provided to them, and if they were beneficial.