ITGB6 Gene

1. List whether the student was positive or negative for each characteristic and include whether the characteristic is dominant or recessive. (6 points)

The recovery period after large scale injuries could be shortened. The effects are analyzed in an article that states, “True healing could occur thanks to the cloning of their own cells to help the recovery process” (“Pros and Cons” 5). Basically, the process of cloning healthy cells could be used as an aid in replenishing damage of unhealthy cells. This process, if it were to be actualized, could help recovery progress in anything from pulled muscles to the paralysis of an entire limb. In theory, the same research can be applied in other areas. If this technology is paired with stem cell research, it could result in a method of repairing physical damage. An article that focused on advances in biotechnology stated that “Another use of cloned stem cells could be the growth of replacement tissues in the laboratory” (LaPensee 15). Necrosis, apoptosis, and lymphocyte diapedesis all cause tissue damage or death. These tissues could be replaced by cloned cells of healthy tissues. This shortens recovery periods and leads to healthier tissue growth.

Here's the scoop: As originally reported late last year in the medical journal Blood, Dr. Catherine M. Verfaillie and other researchers at the Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, have discovered a way to coax an adult cell found in the bone marrow to exhibit many of the attributes that supposedly make embryonic stem cells irreplaceable to the development future "miracle" medical therapies(Catherine).

The next two molecules, α6β4 integrin, and collagen XVII extend beyond the basal keratinocyte membrane and into the lamina lucida layer of the basement membrane zone and hence they are known as transmembrane molecules. These latter two molecules can be found within the outer plaque of the hemidesmosome. The last molecule, CD151, the most recently discovered molecule, is closely associated with α6β4 Integrin, and resides at or near the surface of the basal cell plasma membrane. The intermediate filaments attach to BPAG1 and plectin, which compose the hemidesmosome inner plaque. Both plectin and BPAG1 belong to the plakin family of proteins, and share significant sequence homology.[14]

Hinnah Abid: PhD student in Biomedical Sciences with a focus in Clinical and Translational Sciences at Mayo Graduate School. Interested in tissue regeneration and diagnostic devices. Graduated from University of Wisconsin, Madison, with a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering.

The Mechanisms of gene regulation are used by a cell to determine whether to increse or decrease

Being one of the most exciting and promising fields of medical research, embryonic stem cell research has progressed over the years going more in depth to discover the key to unlock the cure to many diseases. These unique individuals have the ability to copy themselves an unlimited amount of times and can grow into any cell type in the body. Scientists are seeing infinite value in these cells. They are able to further their research on the understanding of human development and how they can help treat many diseases. These embryonic stem cells give hope for medical advancement having the ability to grow into many different cells and can replace damaged or dead ones, producing new organs in the process. These cells have the ability to prevent or reduce the suffering of many people with many fatal diseases. Continuing stem cell research can further eradicate life-threatening diseases, introduce new medical knowledge, and help improve the health and appearance of burn victims.

Skin cells are always being overwhelmed with radiation and certain genes are responsible for fixing the damage. When a gene called ‘patched 1’ (also known as PTCH1) is inactivated it causes an increase in excessive cell growth, also known as cancer. Patched 1 was found in a fruit fly called Drosophila melanogaster and is located on the ninth chromosome in humans. Malfunctioning patched 1 leads to defective embryonic development and many types of skin cancer. Patched 1 is usually born in a somatic cell so inheritance of a

Signaling pathways that result in cell migration are often useful in understanding how cancer cells metastasize. The researchers of Swaminathan et al., 2016 examine how adhesion site assembly occurs while Nader et al., 2016 focuses primarily on the adhesion turnover both are fundamental processes in cell migration. Integrins play a dominant role in nascent integrin-mediated adhesions (NAs) which are important in lamellipodium protrusion and generating traction at focal adhesion points involved in cell motility. Integrins have been extensively studied and are linked to wound healing as well as metastasis in cancer cells (Lawson et al., 2012). When extracellular signals, either chemical or physical, contact the cell surface it triggers a response that induces movement. If the signaling molecule is a growth factor (ex. Epidermal Growth Factor) it could activate a GTPase protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The next is a signal cascade often led by Rabs or Ras (small G-proteins) proteins that are powered by GTPase hydrolysis, which often recruits and activates Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) or Scar. Previous studies identified cancer cell that use Rab-coupling to control cell motility by regulating B-intgrins trafficking (Nader et al., 2016). WASP recruits Actin related protein 2 and 3 (Arp2/3) complex to the cell membrane and activates it

Regenerative medicine offers the potential to be regenerative rather than merely palliative or symptomatic treatment. This allows therapeutic outcomes that were previously impossible to be achieved. In addition, regenerative medicine offers the prospect of fewer serious side effects than existing products and therapies because it uses existing processes in human biochemistry.

These early genes, can exhibit their functions alone, but their functions are stronger and more efficient when they are in combination with each other [4].

The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequence including the coding DNA regions (called genes which make proteins), the non-coding DNA regions and the mitochondrial DNA. However, Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), or anti-oncogenes are proteins that play a vital role in regulating and controlling the cell proliferation through different mechanisms including suppress the cell division, promote apoptosis or programmed cell death, and repair DNA damages. Without which the cell can divide out of control and progress to cancer.

One of the ways cell exploration as changed what we know about living things is regeneration. When people hear stem cell therapies they automatically think of stem cell marrow transplant but that’s not the only way they are used. Using stem cells can help people with diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes it could also help people with spinal cord injury damage by replacing the neurons, stroke, and any tissue or organ. That’s not it, cells help us every day by healing us. If we get a scrap they come in to heal us. They help children grow too. We now know that cancer is a mutation in mitosis in cells, where they replicate themselves too much.

As we are trying to determine how FLS2 is regulated without the influence of WRKY transcription factors, we want to prevent the WRKY transcription factors from recognizing and binding to the promoter. Therefore, we mutate the W-box promoter motif. Both forward sequences (+) have a point mutation at the second position, so when transcription factors are trying bind, they would not recognize the mutated sequence thus not binding. In addition, the third sequence (-) is a reverse transcript and it is complementary to the second (+) strand.

Genetic engineering, the process of using genetic information from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells to fix or improve genetic defects or maladies, has been developing for over twenty years. When Joseph Vacanti, a pediatric surgeon at Children’s Hospital, and Robert Langer, a chemical engineering professor at MIT, first met as researchers in the 1970’s, they had little knowledge of the movement they would help found. After they discovered a method of growing live tissue in the 1980’s, a new science was born, and it races daily towards new discoveries and medical breakthroughs (Arnst and Carey 60). “Tissue engineering offers the promise that failing organs and aging cells no longer be tolerated — they can be rejuvenated or replaced