IVF and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Essay

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a form of genetic testing. It is similar to the screening of abnormal chromosome count only used to test for genetic diseases. The fertility institutes have used this to take gender selection to the next level. Stating that this has a greater than 99,9% success rate.

Currently it is only legally possible to carry out two types of advanced reproductive technologies on humans. The first involves choosing the sperm to fertilize the egg, which will determine the sex and the genes of the baby. The second technique screens embryos for a genetic disease and only selected embryos are implanted back into the mother’s womb. This is called Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).

PGD is performed with IVF and followed by genetic screening for mutant gene. IVF stage, eggs are collected and fertilized by sperm in the laboratory to produce Zygotes. Then, these Zygotes carry on to growing in the laboratory for 3 days until reached eight cells stage. Biopsy of embryo is performed and extracted blastomere from each 6-8 cell stage embryo. Then, cell undergoes genetic screening for mutant gene. Un-carrier and unaffected embryos are transferred into mother’s uterus with confident no CF mutant gene for ensuring a quality of life for baby (Destouni, 2016).

PGD can test for over one hundred genetic disorders ("Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) American Pregnancy Association," n.d.)

The process of IVF involves mixing the woman’s egg and the man’s sperm outside of the woman’s body, usually in a petri dish. Invitro fertilisation literally means ‘fertilisation in glassware’. If the fertilisation is successful, the formed embryo is transferred to

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (or PGD) is a testing procedure used when either parent has been diagnosed with a genetic abnormality. Testing is performed on the embryos to determine if they are carriers of the genetic abnormality before implantation.

Provide an overview of PGS, including how it works and why a fertility specialists would recommend it (advanced maternal age, genetic disorders, recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated IVF failure).

There are many differing opinions on whether PGD is a ethical issue and many people have different beliefs and

For me, abortion is a circumstances dependent opinion. Abortion is both physically and mentally straining on a woman and carries long-term psychological effects, thus making PGD a more desirable alternative to making such harrowing decisions as they can check whether their children will have the same condition and make decisions accordingly. When we consider today’s society and people choosing to have children later in life, I think PGD is also good for couples struggling to conceive due to advanced maternal age allowing them to have aneuploidy

PGD is a procedure that combines In vitro fertilization and genetic screening. In vitro fertilization is a procedure that requires a large time commitment; the entire procedure lasts about four weeks. The woman receives daily injections for seven to twelve days to

tubes. Using this, attempts to fertilize the egg outside her body. In vitro fertilization can help women with hopelessly blocked fallopian

Have you ever heard of an “in vitro fertilization (IVF)”? Well, the term “in vitro” is Latin for “in glass” .With IVF treatment, the egg is fertilized with sperm in a petri dish. Typically, many eggs are retrieved from the biological mother (who may or may not be the intended parent), as not every egg will fertilize, and not every fertilized egg will become a viable embryo. A few days after fertilization, the best embryo or embryos are transferred to the mothers or surrogate’s uterus via a catheter through cervix. Any extra embryos may be cryopreserved (cooling them below the freezing point of water) for future cycles. This method was pioneered by Robert G. Edwards, a retired Professor of Human Reproduction at Cambridge University, was heralded as the Creator of Modern Reproductive Medicine. He paired with Patrick Steptoe, a practicing Gynecologist at Oldam General Hospital who pioneered the use of laparoscopy (a surgical procedure in which a fiber-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or to permit a surgical procedure) in gynecology. Their collaboration started in 1968 when Edwards attended a lecture that Steptoe gave on laparoscopy at the Royal Society of Medicine in London. Both achieved gracefully in fertilization and cell division of eggs in vitro in a petri dish with freshly extracted semen, but were unable to successfully implant the fertilized egg into the female uterus until 1978. They manipulated hormone levels in

For more than 35 year IVF helps a lot of people all over the world to have a

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a type of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The process involves fertilization of an egg outside of body. Generally, doctors recommend IVF to couples with male and/or female fertility problems. The technology allows using own genetic material or the one provided by donors and choosing the number of embryos being implanted. Another ART technique, Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD), is often used in combination with IVF. The PGD allows parents to select a ‘good’ embryo, which is healthier, with lower miscarriage risk, and more importantly missing some genetic diseases. Meanwhile, all the other ‘bad’ or ‘not good enough’ embryos are destroyed. As a result, parents with various medical issues use these techniques to create ‘designer babies’.

A popular socio-scientific issue discussed in our society recently is the use of In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF) and pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).1 In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF) was established to treat infertility caused by blocked or damaged fallopian tubes.1 IVF is usually used to treat a variety of infertility problems but it can also screen for any genetic disorders.1 There are six stages in IVF, ovarian stimulation, egg collection, fertilization, embryo development, embryo transfer and the luteal phase support.1 This whole process involves checking that the eggs are mature for collection before starting the whole process, then removing the eggs from the follicle in the ovaries using a large needle.1 They then place the eggs and sperm into a incubator to let them fertilise them, then the next morning the eggs are examined or any signs of fertilisation and the successful embryos are kept in the laboratory for another three to five days, the eggs are then watched to make sure they are developing normally.1 They are then transferred back into the uterus between their 3rd and 6th day of the cycle.1 It then takes 9-11 days to know if the embryo has been successfully implanted.1 The last stage is then mainly focusses on hormone replacement injections and this then continues until the result of the cycle is known.