Essay on Ian Wilmut and the Cloning of Dolly

Scamper won a record 10 Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association world championships from 1984-93 and helped make James the first million-dollar cowgirl and the all-time leading money winner in barrel racing. Scamper is the only barrel racing horse in the Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame. Scamper was a plain bay gelding picked out of Charmayne’s father’s pen of colts by herself, proving to the world that Scamper was no ordinary horse. The fact that he did not have the fancy breeding as many of the other competitive barrel horses set him apart from all the rest of the horses at that time. Making him a perfect candidate to be a part of the new cloning program. Although Scamper was a very important breakthrough in the cloning of animals, he was not the first. The first mammal to be intentionally cloned from an adult cell was a sheep called Dolly in 1996. Dolly was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer. The nucleus is the part of the cell that stores genetic material. To produce Dolly, scientists used an udder cell from a six-year-old Finn Dorset white sheep. They had not found a way to 'reprogram' the udder cells - to keep them alive but stop them growing – which they achieved by changing the growth medium. Then they injected the cell into an unfertilized egg cell which had had its nucleus removed, and made the cells fuse by using electrical pulses. The unfertilized egg cell came from a Scottish Blackface ewe that dolly was used to be born. When they finally had managed to fuse the nucleus from the adult white sheep cell with the egg cell from the black-faced sheep, they needed to make sure that the final cell would develop into an embryo. They cultured it for six or seven days to see if it would be divided and developed normally, before implanting it into a surrogate mother, another Scottish Blackface ewe. Even though Dolly had a

Six years ago, an event in genetic history changed our perspective on "reproduction" and added to our conscience a new element in the study of biology. On February 23, 1997, the world was introduced to Dolly, a 6-month-old lamb that was cloned from a single cell taken from the tissue of an adult donor. Ever since the birth of this sheep, a question that never before existed now lingers in the mind of many: should human cloning be a part of our society?

Researchers then began to test and experiment with stem cells, which led to the breakthrough of dolly the sheep in 1997. Dolly was the first artificial animal clone; she was made by “fusing a sheep egg with an udder cell and implanting the resulting hybrids into a surrogate mother sheep” (Coghlan). Dolly the sheep gave researchers the idea that there was a possibility of creating the same kind of experiment with human stem cells. Therefore, in 1998, human stem cells are isolated in a lab by James Thompson and John Gearhart. The process of stem cell research in humans then sparked much controversy, causing Bush to ban federal funding for stem cell research in 2001 in order to calm protesters. There was testing that did happen in other countries around the world, but the federal ban was continuous in America until 2009, when Obama lifted the ban and restrictions that were put into place by Bush.This lift has once again reignited the controversy surrounding stem cell research and the moral consequences it may

As mentioned earlier, cloning is the copying of an organism that results in identical offspring (“Cloning”). Scientists have tried cloning many times on frogs and other organisms (“Cloning”), but when the first mammal to be cloned was successful in 1997, scientists jumped into pools of thoughts to clone humans. The first mammal to be cloned was a sheep named Dolly. The process of cloning Dolly was called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. The nucleus of a somatic stem cell is taken out of the eggs of the

Dolly the sheep, a clone born in Scotland in 1996, was the first mammal to ever be cloned from an adult cell using nuclear transfer. Her birth demonstrated for the first time that even DNA from already specialised adult cells could be used to create an entire healthy organism.

They took a cell from an adult sheep’s udder and extracted the DNA. It was then put into a “blank” cell. This was the first time an adult cell had been used instead of an embryo cell. Adult cells do not have as much DNA as embryo cells. After 277 attempts an embryo was finally produced. Six days later the cells were transferred into a surrogate mother. The pregnancy progressed like normal and Dolly, named after singer Dolly Parton, was born on July 5th, 1996. Dolly lived for six years, which is only half the lifespan of a normal sheep. Dolly even had lambs. This first cloning led to many discussions about the morals of cloning. Animals cloned can have various health defects. The discussion even was presented that if humans were cloned they would lack personality and emotions. While humans haven’t been cloned great gains have been

As stated in the article Hyun, I. (2010). The bioethics of stem cell research and therapy. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(1), 71-5. Retrieved February 3, 2011, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1940548141), embryonic stem cells were first isolated and cultured in 1998 by donated couples no longer intending to us them for themselves. From that point in time is started a never ending controversy with researchers and religious groups. Some of the people’s concerns are towards human cloning and the mixing of animal species. There have yet to be any word of human cloning or any type of mixing of human and animal species, but there has been cloning done on mammals. A group of Scottish scientists clone a sheep back in 1996, her name was Dolly. Dolly later died of a lung infection at age 6.

Cloning and genetically modifying humans is now more attainable than ever due to strides made by science. With a relatively short history, cloning and genetic engineering have been a new concept for many people in society with the first proof of cloning being dolly the sheep, the first successful clone born by the somatic cell nuclear-transfer procedure [1]. Cloning over the years has evolved and now could be used to someday help people requiring organ transplants, recover from traumatic injuries and aid infertile couples with its reproductive possibilities [4].

On February 24, 1997 history was made. The first cloned adult mammal was born through somatic cell nuclear transfer (McCuen, 11). Somatic cell nuclear transfer is when a nucleus of a mammary gland is removed and fused with an egg by using electrical pulses. The pulses prompt the egg to divide to form an embryo. The embryo is then transferred to a uterus where it is implanted to grow (McCuen, 10). Before the creation of Dolly, many scientists were unsuccessful in their attempts to produce a genetically identical copy of a cell. In the rare occasion that they were successful in their attempts, they would soon be discouraged due to the inability of the clone to sustain life. It took hundreds of attempts before Dolly’s team of scientist could obtain a successfully cloned sheep. Of the 277 successful transfers, only 29 became embryos. And of these 29 embryos, Dolly was the sole survivor (Sweat, 1). What sets Dolly apart from previous clones is the fact that she was cloned differently. Dolly was cloned not from sex cells but from mature mammal cells with no reproductive function (Sweat, 1). Even though Dolly was a

As mentioned earlier Dolly is the most famous of the cloned organisms, but there were many before and after her. In 1952 a tadpole was cloned, the first clone ever. (Human Genome Project) Dolly was the first mammal ever cloned. After Dolly other animals such as sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a guar have been cloned. Some animals are more resistant to the procedure used for cloning. The process used is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. This process is used to create an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another animal. They are not identical in the strictest sense the mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA comes from the egg. The “acquired mutations found in the mitochondrial DNA are believed to play an important role in the aging process.”(Human Genome Project) The process starts by removing all the genetic information from an unfertilized egg with an extremely small needle. Then an adult cell is taken from the donor. The genetic material is removed from the cell and implanted in the now empty embryo. Then the cell is treated with chemicals or an electric current to cause it to start to divide. Once it reaches a certain size it is implanted into a host uterus where it

In July 2000, Dr. Ian Wilmut, a geneticist of Scotland publicized the cloning of a lamb named Dolly. Out of 277 attempts at fussing cells, only 29 of the fused cells became embryos, on which resulted in one pregnancy, which then

The sheep named Dolly was successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell using the above laboratory technique. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland (Edwards, 1999). The experiment started with 277 fused eggs but only 29 fused eggs became fertilized. The fertilized eggs were transferred into 13 sheep, however only one sheep became pregnant successfully. The other remaining 12 sheep failed to pregnant and several dead fetuses were then discovered from them. The successful clone, Dolly was born on July 5, 1996. Unfortunately, Dolly only live up to the age of six which is

From Star Wars to the Jurassic Park movies cloning has always been a science fiction story that was light years ahead of us. But with recent evidence and research to clone living organisms, the far away fantasies of cloning we have been dreaming about for many years is rapidly becoming a reality, even faster than we think. Twenty years ago, in 1997, Dolly the Sheep was the first successful clone to be produced from an adult mammal. In the article “The Coming of Clones” American Scientists announced in 2013 that they had for the first time successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos (the building blocks of cloning life). Due to this announcement and the cloning of Dolly, cloning has become a debatable topic that has both negative

An example of reproductive cloning is Dolly the sheep. She was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, which is much more difficult to clone from. She lived to be only 6 years old due to arthritis. They took an udder cell from a six year old Finn Dorset white sheep. They changed the growth medium to keep the udder cell alive but it stopped them from expanding. According to the article “Cloning Dolly The Sheep”,they injected the cell into an unfertilised egg cell and made the cells fuse by using electrical pulses. Therefore, they moved the DNA of the donor animal's

Debates about cloning only initiated after the first cloned mammal from an adult somatic cell in 1996 was officially declared a success. The cloned mammal was a sheep named Dolly, which then appeared to suffer from health conditions that ended her life at a young age (Pano, 36). “This ignited a worldwide controversy about whether or not cloned animals die prematurely” (Lew, chapter 1).