Essay on Ibus 300 Notes

Distributive justice, or economic justice, is concerned with giving all members of society a "fair share" of the benefits and resources available. Fair allocation of resources, or distributive justice, is crucial to the stability of a society and the well-being of its members. When issues of distributive justice are inadequately addressed and the item to be distributed is highly valued, intractable conflicts frequently result.

2 Ethical Theories Rights theory Rights theory ideology are legal principles of freedom to us human beings. Having a right means others have a duty towards us such as having our own privacy, freedom of speech, to vote, providing us with something, leaving us alone and so forth.

The following outlines the Chamberlain’s logic as presented by Nozick (Pg 160-161) 1. There exists a patterned distribution D1, which is a favorite patter of non-entitlement conception of justice

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the unique and an important document which is translated into different languages all over world. It is based upon idea of promoting freedom, justice and peace and it provides a set of uniform standards that were adopted by the United Nations General Assembly with the support of forty-eight countries.

The morality of killing animals (when there is no suffering involved) posses a challenge for utilitarian ethics. This topic is primarily addressed in practical ethics, given the enormous consequences that animal farming have on billions of animals every year. However, this problem goes further, to the core of utilitarian ethics,

Human rights are the basic rights that apply to all individuals universally. They play a primary role in protecting and empowering individuals in a just manner free from discrimination. According to the Australian Human rights commission, “Human rights recognise the inherent value of each person, regardless of background, where we live, what we look like, what we think or what we believe”, (Team, 2016). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a document that was established on December 10 1948 which outlines all 30 articles that have been recognised as fundamental human rights.

Utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces

Here I will be discussing about the john Rawls Justice as Fairness, Mill’s utilitarian theory of justice and Nozick’s Libertarian Theory of Justice.

According to the Free Online English Dictionary, justice said to be “the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness: to uphold the justice of a cause”. “Equitableness” has to do with treatment of fairness that brings about just behavior which fairness also recognized. “Fairness” suggests equal treatment in a proper legal matter, or how something will be handled. When comparing equitableness and fair, they both mean the same exact thing which is just fair and equal treatment that implies reasonable and unbiased in both parts of the meanings. The words come hand in hand by suggesting that equality in which individuals are treated the same in a positive manner resulting in a win-win

This will then serve as a basis for my main argument that human rights are socially constructed and do not exist outside of the realm of politics. This will then feed into the second part of the question where I shall discuss the prioritisation of community values over an alleged universal foundation.

The Universal Declaration was adopted by the UN in 1948. Amongst other things, it guarantees free speech, assembly, religion, and the basic necessities of life, like food and housing; it says that everyone has the right to work, to equal and fair pay for equal work, and that all have the right to be free from slavery, torture, and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. The basic premises are that a) people do not have to do or be anything in particular in order to enjoy human rights but that they are extended equally to all people everywhere by virtue of shared humanity; they are in other words rights rather than entitlements; b) the state is responsible for both insuring and defending the rights of all people and peoples within its borders, and c) there is a higher international order that supersedes the national state.

In accordance with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) it is proclaimed by the General Assembly that “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” (The United Nation [UN], 1948). But what are human rights? While they might be a substantially contemporary subject, the worlds first charter of human rights is now identified in 593 B.C when Cyrus the Great; freed the slaves, established racial equality and freedom to choose one’s own religion (Fleiner, 1999) With the emergence of the 18th century’s Age of Enlightenment, the concept of human rights was elevated with strong associations to the philosophy of liberalism, holding connotations of freedom after the abolition of slavery, serfdom and suppression in Europe and overseas (Von Mises, 2005). However when the United Nations drafted and constructed the Universal Declaration of Human rights, it was pledged “universal respect for and observance of all human rights and fundamental freedoms” (UN, 1948). The accentuation of universalism; applicable to all, is the foundation of the UDHR, thus the intrinsic dignity of every human being. Although on the contrary to universal innateness of human rights, is controversial criticisms of the international law’s universality, Makau Matua among many others deem it to be merely one more attempt by the West to perform similarly, modern day colonisation.

The UDHR and the Different World Viewpoints on Human Rights Accepted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is comprised of a preamble and thirty articles. Each article delineates a specific right that every human, either from the sake of being human and/or being part of the collective of humanity, is forever entitled to. On the flip side, the preamble is comprised of seven clauses that taken together accommodate the historical evolution, context, and reasoning behind the document’s inscription. Finally, at the end of the preamble is the declaration’s proclamation, whose inclusion solidifies the documents global significance.

I will begin by outlining both theories. I will then move onto asses the accuracy of the following statement, ‘An unjust law cannot be a valid law’ this includes establishing the similarities and differences of both theories; in order to do this effectively it is essential that a thorough understanding of both theories has been developed. Finally I will summarise my findings,

Allen, Vannessa. "9,000 Butterflies Die for Damien Hirst's Art." N.p., n.d. Web. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2217589%2FArtist-kills-9-000-butterflies-Animal-groups-attack-Damien-Hirsts-callous-exhibition.html>. "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The Un and Human Rights." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 16 Aug.