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The number of documented cases has been rising every year. “This may be due to the aging population, the increased longevity of people with chronic disease, the spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms, an upsurge in invasive procedures and broader use of immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic agents” (National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 2014). The mortality rate for sepsis ranges from about thirty percent for patients with sepsis to fifty percent in patients who develop septic shock. Mortality rate varies as to how many organs have been affected. Twenty percent mortality for one organ failure, forty percent for two organs failing, sixty-five to seventy percent for three failed organs, and seventy-five to eighty-five percent when four or more organs have failed. The cost related to sepsis is about seventeen billion dollars per year (about twenty-two thousand dollars per patient), which is six times greater than the cost of patients without sepsis.

There is a disease continuum with increasing severity if not treated or not responsive to treatment o Sepsis

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

People with weakened immune system, those suffer from severe burns or trauma, those in intensive care unit (ICU), those that are very ill from infections, the elderly and the young children are the greatest risks in developing sepsis.

The new TB drugs have eliminated most of the dangerous aspects that involved in TB patient care, but the new role of nurse is more difficult because of increased responsibility, the success of treatment for TB depends on the patients regularly following the medication for a long period just like Hypertension and it is the duty of R.N’s to make certain

Tuberculosis, a sometimes crippling and deadly disease, is on the rise and is revisiting both the developed and developing world. The global epidemic is growing and becoming more dangerous. The breakdown in health services, the spread of HIV/AIDS and the emergence of multi drug-resistant TB are contributing to the worsening impact of this disease. Overall, one-third of the world 's population is currently

“Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million people developed TB and 1.3 million died from the disease. The number of TB deaths is unacceptably large given that most are preventable,” (WHO). However, even though numbers of those infected are high, the rate of new TB cases is on the decline at roughly 2% per year. The slow decline rate is due to many things including people not being informed about the disease, and improper usage of medicines leading to drug resistant strains of TB.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection and cause of death among people living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Olaniran, Hassan-Olajokun, Oyovwevotu & Agunlejika, 2011). HIV-positive patients have about a 20-37 folds higher chance of developing Tuberculosis than their HIV-negative counterparts (Kamath, Sharma, Pattanshetty, Hegde & Chandrasekaran, 2013)

Tuberculosis (TB) is considered to be a leading cause of infectious lung disease, and considered the foremost cause of death due to a single microorganism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). According to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) tuberculosis report, there were around 9.6 million new TB cases emerging and 1.5 million deaths caused by TB in 2014. (1) Among those, almost 95% of the cases and deaths were in developing countries due to poor socioeconomic conditions and limited access to diagnosis and treatment, with India, Indonesia and Nigeria having the largest number of incidence. Furthermore, the number of cases with latent TB, who are asymptomatically infected by MTB, was estimated to include one third of the world population, which corresponds to more than two billions of people. (2) The disease is further complicated by the development of drug resistance, and co-infection with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which set a huge obstacle for developing a successful TB treatment regimen.

TB is caused by a bacterial infection known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. If a patient is sick with TB is considered a disease. The infection is prevalent in the HIV population because approximately 13 million Americans are effected by the TB bacteria. It typically involves the lungs but can also affect the brain and other organ systems. The TB germ is airborne and can live in the air for several hours. Once an affected person coughs or sneezes another person breathes in the germ and becomes infected. A patient with TB and HIV/AIDS will have to take an antibiotics long term to battle the infection. They will have to go through two phases of medication. The initial phase consists of utilizing drugs such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifamycin, and ethambutol for the first couple of months. Then the patient will enter into the continuation phase, during this phase the patient will take the isoniazid and rifamycin for approximately four months. HIV patient’s that are taking antiretroviral for the HIV will have to take the antibiotics longer. A person taking treatment for TB has to be careful because the antibiotic can cause liver damage. According to the CDC, roughly 6% of all TB cases are from patients with HIV or AIDS. In 1992 the United States had a dramatic increase in TB cases but has decreased ever since. Recently a group of researchers at John Hopkins

Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a chronic infection that can be fatal to the infected individual which can result in death. TB is a bacterial infection in the lungs that can persist to other organs through the bloodstream. It is one of the leading causes of death from an infection worldwide. The mortality rate is much higher in developing countries with high incidence rate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Tuberculosis is a very infectious disease due to it being airborne. If it is left untreated the disease can progress to other areas of the body. Areas such as kidneys, spine, and the brain can be infected. With proper treatment, TB is curable.

Although anyone is susceptible to infection, there are certain factors that make people more likely to contract TB and develop the disease; these are referred to as ‘risk factors.’ Such factors are important in explaining differences in incidence and mortality rates across regions. Around 5-10% of infectious cases that go untreated will eventually see the infected person develop the disease.1 Individuals with immunosuppressive conditions, such as HIV/AIDS, are faced with weakened immune systems and thus are subject to increased risks of infection and disease.4 HIV coinfection is widely considered the most lethal risk factor for developing TB Disease; 13% of the individuals that developed the disease

TB is a disease that infect mostly human’s lung. It can spread through air way. This can be done through coughing or sneezing from TB patients. The bacteria travel in the air and infect healthy people. This disease is commonly occurring in low income countries, deprived areas and big cities in a developed country. There are some factors that contribute to TB which are immigration, social inequalities, HIV infection and misuse of drugs or alcohol (Millet et al., 2012). The TB incidence is increasing when the HIV infection among the population is increasing. In Western Europe, the TB cases occur because of immigration. So, there are different epidemiological pattern in different countries due to different factors that contribute to it (Glaziou et al., 2013).

Re-emerging from the shadows of the AIDS epidemic, tuberculosis is climbing its way back up to being one of the world’s greatest killers. Tuberculosis, an airborne bacterium spreads easily among people living in crowded areas such as in: jails, ships, mines, and slums. TB buries itself in the host’s lungs, and as it grows, it tears apart the lungs tissue leaving its victims coughing up blood. Tuberculosis now kills more people globally than AIDS, making TB one of the top leading infectious causes of death around the world (W.H.O, 2016). Over 95% TB deaths occur in developing countries, mostly in Asia, and Africa.

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).