Silymarin And Hydrochloric Acid Experiment Lab Report

In the short story “Star Food” by Ethan Canin, a young adult named Dade disappoints both of his parents for the first time when he lets a woman steal from the family store. Dade’s parents have always been opposites, and they have always had conflicting plans for Dade. Dade has constantly had to choose between the two, usually pleasing one and disappointing the other in the process. Therefore, when the woman steals and Dade catches her, Dade has to once again choose between his parents expectations. Dade decides to let the woman go to symbolize him essentially choosing his mom in the end over his dad.

Experiment 55 consists of devising a separation and purification scheme for a three component mixture. The overall objective is to isolate in pure form two of the three compounds. This was done using extraction, solubility, crystallization and vacuum filtration. The experiment was carried out two times, both of which were successful.

Protein Assay: The Pierce BCA Protein Assay (Thermo Scientific) is a detergent-compatible formulation based on bicinchoninic acid (BCA) for the colorimetric detection and quantitation of total protein concentration. A series of standard solution of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ranging from 0-2000 µg/ml was prepared from a stock solution of 2 mg/ml BSA. 25ul of diluted crude (1:500, 1:250), desalted (1:100, 1:50), and 6 peak fractions from cibarcon blue column (1:10, 1:5) were loaded in microplate along with 175ul of BCA working reagent. Microplate was incubated for 30min at 370C and then the absorbance was measured at 562nm.

The primary goal of this laboratory is to correctly identify an unknown substance. To achieve this task, one may use various tests that reveal both chemical and physical properties of a substance. By comparing the results of a known substance and the unknown substance, one may eliminate alternative possibilities and more accurately predict the undisclosed compound. Furthermore, by performing these tests, data can be collected and verified regarding chemical and physical properties of the unknown. Understanding the chemical properties of a known substance aids one’s understanding of the unknown based on comparative analysis of the results of the tests.

Identifying the three components of the unknown mixture, a 1.5 g sample was obtained and dissolved in 30 mL of diethyl ether. This solution was then poured into a separatory funnel with a funnel with the stopcock closed, and inverted twice so that there would be a formation of different layers in the mixture. In order to extract the base from the mixture, approximately 14 mL of 10% hydrochloric acid was added into the funnel and mixed. To mix the hydrochloric acid thoroughly the funnel was gently shaken with the pressure released by removing the stopper intermittently. The solution then separated into an aqueous layer at the bottom, and an organic layer at the top (containing the acid).1 The aqueous layer (containing the base) was released into an

0.300 grams of biphenyl/ p-toluidine sample was weighed. Next, 10 mL of dichloromethane was measured in a graduated cylinder. The dichloromethane was transferred to a small beaker then the solid mixture was dissolved in it. A Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was conducted with the dissolved mixture in 20% Ethyl Acetate and 80% Hexane solution. The TLC plate was observed to be impure with two spots. To being extraction, a separatory funnel was placed inside of the hood and the stopcock was closed. A flask was placed under the funnel then the mixture was added to the funnel. Next, 10 mL of 3M HCL was measured in a graduated cylinder and

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In the essay “What's Natural about Our Natural Products?”, Sarah Federman claims that although many people believe that the word natural on a food label means that a product is healthier than others, natural doesn't actually mean anything, because is an unregulated word. The author describes how marketers use the word “natural” to bait people in to buying a certain product thinking that is better than another “unnatural” product. She says that the word is most prevalent at the grocery store, and gives examples of different products with the word “natural” on their label. Federman explains the difference between the products that don't have “natural” on the label and the ones that do. She states that, often, the “natural” food products are more

The Thin Layer Chromatography of Drugs lab taught me how chromatography could be used to identify the compounds of an unknown drug. This procedure relied on using compounds that had a known travel distance, which served as the control, and examining how far the compounds in the unknown drug traveled. The results of this experiment indicated that drugs are chemical molecules with a diverse amount of compounds i.e.: caffeine, acetaminophen, asprin, etc. The essentials of this lab relied on two factors that allow for the separation of different compounds from the drug.

The prenylflavonoids experimented with, included xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin (Monteiro, R., Faria, A., Azevedo, I., & Calhau, C., 2007). Usually xanthohumol is the main focus of clinical experiments like this because it is the most ample prenylated chalcone that lies in Hops extract. Monteiro, Faria, Azevedo, & Calhau’s (2007) explain that in the experiment, aromatase activity was measured through a special water assay. Cell proliferation was determined by an incorporation of a crystalline nucleoside called thymidine, sulforhodamine B protein measurements and Ki-67 immunostaining, which is an antibody-based method of detection. Apoptosis, which is the death of cells that occur during an organism's development, was measured through a method of detecting DNA

Oral administration of a single dose of Cistus ladaniferus L. or Silybum marianum L. extract increased urine output that was significantly higher than urine output in the control rats at 2 h after the dose (Cistus ladaniferus L. 7.08 ± 0.24 , Silybum marianum L. 5.05 ± 0.26mL ,versus controls 1.16 ± 0.18 mL; P < 0.001) (Figure 1). Higher urine output was continued throughout the study period, and it was significantly high at 24 h after the administration of either plants` extracts as compared to the control (Cistus ladaniferus L. 18.1±0.48 ml, Silybum marianum L. 24±0.42 ml versus controls 6.1 ± 0.26 ml; P < 0.001).

A. Figure 1: Standard curve of the phosphate concentrations and the absorbance values. This curve shows the amount of light that is absorbed by the reaction of water with 1 mM phosphate in six different test tubes, containing different volumes of water and phosphate in each tube. Tube 1 contained 1 mL of water with 0 mL of phosphate, tube 2 had 0.8 mL of water with 0.2 mL of phosphate, tube 3 consisted of 0.6 mL of water with 0.4 mL of phosphate, tube 4 had 0.4 mL of water with 0.6 mL of phosphate, tube 5 had 0.2 mL of water with 0.8 mL of phosphate, and tube 6 had 1 mL of phosphate with no water present. After all of the solution was added to the test tubes, 2.5 mL of stopping reagent was added to each test tube in order to denature the enzyme and stop the reaction. After 10 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 620 nm; which are the values used to create this curve based on phosphate concentration.

A 25 ml RB flask was set-up up for reflux with a drying tube and 1 ml of 1.5 M of potassium tert-butoxide was added along with 8 drops of 1-bromopentane. This was then heated to 80 °C - 90 °C for an hour. When the mixture cooled, 10 ml of methyl-t-butyl ether was added to the flask. This was extracted and

The purpose of this experiment was to use solvent extraction techniques in order to separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid (p-toulic acid), a phenol (p-tert-butylphenol), and a neutral compound (acetanilide). Extraction is the process of selectively dissolving one or more of the compounds of a mixture into an appropriate solvent, the solution that contains these dissolved compounds is called an extract (Manion, 2004).

Mangiferin which is the most bioactive components in Phaleria macrocarpa extract were quantitatively determined with the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. 10 ml amount of extracts was collected using a 20 ml syringe and were dissolved in 20 ml of methanol. The methanolic extracts were analyzed with HPLC machine. The HPLC system of Agilent 1100 LC series system with Quaternary Pump and G1315B DAD (USA) was used. The machine comprised of an 1100 Solvent Tray, 1100 Degasser, 1100 Quaternary Pump, 1100 Autosampler and 1100 DAD with Standard Flow Cell. A column (Agilent Zorbax C18 5 mm, 25 cm, 0.46 mm, USA), and built-in software, Autochro 2000 (USA). The wavelength of 280 nm was used for the chromatographic separations (Kim et al., 2010).