Identification And Characterization Of Soybean Vein Necrosis Virus

2012 and Norquay, 2010). In contrast, seminole bats (Lasiurus seminolus) and evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) take advantage of the insulatory properties of the bromeliad in pine trees (Hein, et al. 2008 and Jennings, 1958). Spanish moss maternity roosts are open and clear from below, allowing for easy entry/exit by multiple family members, as well as providing protection from storms, which can knock bat pups to the ground, endangering their survival. Bats are able to drink water off the epiphyte leaves and eat insects which take refuge in the branches. Many, especially juveniles, can become ensnared in epiphyte "festoons", the hanging stem's classical descriptive term. The occurrence of bat and bird entrapment and mortality in areas heavily infested with Tillandria is unknown, but most likely infrequent (Norquay, et al. 2010). Southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) are known to nest within Tillandria streamers, adding hair, wool, feathers, lichens, pine straw and grass (Prange, 2006). The eastern rat snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis), gray rat snake (P. spiloides), and red corn snake (P. gutatta) have also been recorded nesting and foraging within the tangles of Spanish moss, both in trees and on the ground. Likewise, Cuban tree frogs and green anole lizards have been known to

Females lay white spherical eggs on the trunk, and produce a yellow viscous material from the ovipositor which is smoothed over into a covering, before fading to white or grey. Larvae exit the egg directly into the plant, never becoming exposed, and so are impervious to sprays. Young larvae are restricted to the cambium, circling the cane 3-4 times in a close spiral, girdling the primocane, and producing gall-like swellings. As larvae grow, they extend feeding deeper into wood and pith, and staightening the spiral and heading usually toward the distal end of the cane (tunnels may extend 15 cm below to 64 cm above the gall). Larvae reach a length of 12 mm, and have a pair of horn-like projections on the posterior end. The larvae are white and legless, with a flattened head (the family is often called flat headed borers). Larvae winter in the cane, and in March create a pupal chamber. The pupa is formed in late April. The pupal period lasts 20-40 days. When the adult leaves the pupal skin, it remains in the tunnel for about 10 days before chewing a D-shaped emergence hole. Adults feed on foliage for several days before beginning oviposition. They are most easily found on the plants on warm sunny days. There is one generation

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

Harley, D, Sleigh, A & and Ritchie, S 2011, ‘Ross river virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review’, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 909-932, doi:10.1128/CMR.14.4.909-932.2001

This was the best entomological lesson I ever had-a lesson whose influence has extended to the details of every subsequent study; a legacy the professor has left to me, as he has left it to many others, of inestimable value, which we could not buy, with which we cannot

In year 2013, CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) get report of 2605 cases as regards to noticeable arboviral disease, comprising those caused through 2469 cases of WNV (West Nile Virus), 85 cases of LACV, 22 cases of JCV, 8 cases of EEEV, and 15 cases of POWV, and cases of few other diseases. These cases were stated from 26 percent (830) among the 3141 nations of U.S., no cases were stated from Hawaii or Alaska. The WNV virus is having majority of cases from all other cases. Therefore, it is measured as a vital or serious disease. (Nicole P. Lindsey, 2014)

One of the most complex and unexplored disease causing agents are viruses. They are known to be able to infect a wide array of organisms, from plants and animals, to bacteria and fungi. Essentially, anything that is living is capable of being infected with a virus. Once the host's cell is infected, the viruses' goal is to produce more viruses which will infect neighboring cells to continue the cycle.

Hendra virus (originally called "Equine morbillivirus" was discovered in September 1994 when it caused the deaths of thirteen horses, and a trainer at a training complex in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia.[12]

To monitor the potential geographic and temporal spread of WN virus over the eastern and southern U.S.

A virus is an infecting agent. Viruses are non-living they need a living host, a living organism to replicate themselves. When it invades a cell it will implant their code that is capable of copying itself. This will cause a detrimental effect, corrupting the system ti its advantage or complete destruction.

Thresholds similar to red-legged earth mites, crop damage a main determinate in wether control is needed.

The article aims to answer whether it is possible to predict mouse plagues in grain crops in Queensland. Plagues of house mice begin to damage cereal crops immediately after sowing (Mutze and Hubbard, 2000), which can cause stunting and reduced plant growth. Forecasting plagues will allow the mice to be proactively controlled by poison baiting, resulting in higher crop yield. It is hypothesized that a prediction of these plagues, followed by poison baiting, will result in much fewer numbers of field mice left to consume crops. Relating back to the main question, this demonstrates

Throughout this lab, three traps were utilized to obtain the most soil arthropods. They are as followed: berlese funnel trap, pitfall trap, and sifting through soil. The materials needed to set up a berlese funnel are a ten liter soda plastic bottle, (metal holes circular), and lastly soil. The ten liter plastic soda bottle needs to be cut across the top and bottom, making the shape of a cylinder. After putting the soil in the berlese funnel trap, by using a shovel, a heating light is required. To set up the pitiful trap a plastic small cup is required. Then a funnel is placed inside the cup so it is level with the plastic cup. Lastly, rubbing alcohol is required at the bottom of the pitiful fall trap which is necessary for the arthropods found to die. The last method used to discover soil arthropods required a metal bin, shovel, and soil.

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) from genus henipa virus are zoonotic paramyxovirus; they can cause disease which is passed between animals and humans (1). Hendra virus was first detected in humans in Australia in 1994 with horses as intermediate host. Fruit bats of Pteropous species of Australian flying fox show serological evidence of early exposure to Hendra virus (2).

our crops to be infected with diseases and infestations such as pests and weeds. By