Identify And Describe Three Groups Of Low G + C Gram Positive Bacteria

Often scientists work with bacteria that do not come in a labeled test tube— for example, bacterial samples taken from infected human tissue or from the soil—and the scientist must then identify the unknown microorganism in order to understand what behavior to expect from the organism, for example, a certain type of infection or antibiotic resistance. However, because of the relatively few forms of bacteria compared to animals and because of the lack of bacterial fossil records due to their asexually reproductive nature, the taxonomy used to classify animals cannot be applied to bacteria (Brown 275). In order to classify unknown bacteria, a variety of physiological and metabolic tests are available to narrow a sample down from the fathomless number of possibilities into a more manageable range. Once these tests have been performed, the researcher can consult Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, a systematically arranged and continually updated collection of all known bacteria based on their structure, metabolism, and other attributes.

The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have been assigned randomly to six-research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobe bacteria meaning it does not have the ability to grow in the presence of oxygen. There are two different exotoxins produced by the organism Clostridium difficile, toxin A and toxin B. The organism produces spores which are the contagious particles of the bacterium. These spores are found all over our environment and in feces of both animals and humans. It is very hard to annihilate these spores due to them being resistant to alcohol, disinfectants, heat and radiation (Awad, 2014). Infection by C. difficile occurs through the fecal-oral route during ingestion of spores. As these spores pass through the gastrointestinal system, bile acids and other substances stimulate their germination. Toxins may be produced depending on the microflora that exists in the gastrointestinal tract. Colonization and proliferation, which are likely to involve numerous surface structures and adhesions, primarily occur in the suitably anaerobic

Clostridim difficile was first isolated in1935 by George and his colleagues from a stool found in a healthy infant by the name of Hall and O’Toole (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). Yet in 1978, C.difficile was known to be associated as disease in human’s antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). It is 2 types of C. difficile: one that exists in spore form and the other in vegetative form. Depending on the type of form it exist in, allows it to grow in a certain environment. It is also a gram positive rod bacterium. When Clostridim difficile exist in a spore form, it can live in harsh conditions and in common sterilization techniques (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). When C. difficile exist in spore form, it will be resistant to temperature

There are many bacteria that do not go through cellular respiration; there are also some that do. These tiny organisms live in every habitat, including the air we breathe. Prokaryotes are grouped according to their need for oxygen. Obligate anaerobes are prokaryotes that cannot live in the presence of oxygen. In fact, exposure to oxygen for even a short length of time will kill these prokaryotes. They produce methane and are found at the bottom of lakes, in marshy areas, and in the digestive tracts of herbivores and omnivores. Bacteroides are a species of obligate anaerobic bacteria that live in mammalian intestines and help break down lipids and proteins into their smaller subunits, monomers. Clostridium difficile bacteria are often found

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a pervasive and troublesome bacterium in healthcare. If left untreated it can lead to a plethora of complications—acute, chronic, and even fatal. C. difficile is a gram positive bacillus (with a capsule) and has ideal conditions for growth at around 37°C in an obligate anaerobic environment. In its vegetative state, C. difficile contains multiple flagella for motility within the intestinal tract; 1 however, once outside of its ideal environment, or through active shedding, it’s left latent within its hardy endospore until it is in its ideal environment once again.

Botulism2What is the significance of clostridium botulinum being anaerobic?Botulinum bacteria can live in the absence of oxygen. This means that they can live and grow in number, and produce the botulin toxin in a sealed jar or can. Clostridium botulinum spores are quite widespread throughout the world, inhabiting soil as well as both freshwater and saltwater in mud. Clostridium botulinum organism

All around us are microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the human eye. These organisms are also found on the skin and in the internal organs of humans. There are microbes that help with the digestion of food and protect us and other organisms from harm. Others, however, are very deadly. One such organism is botulism. This deadly assassin waits hiding until conditions are optimal to appear, with symptoms that may be misdiagnosed as other medical disorders.

With many diseases around the world it is amazing how us as humans survive day to day. Bacteria is everywhere you look and you have millions of them living inside you, not all of which are harmful. Its the ones that do harm you that we should be considered with that can lead to death or diseases. A specific fatal bacterial disease that has caused many people harm is Tetanus. Tetanus consist of a bacteria called clostridium tetani which invades the nervous system causing muscle spasms and severe pain sometimes leading to death. Many times the bacteria causes muscle spasms most often in the jaw causing the muscles to commonly known as “Lockjaw”. The bacteria gets inside the host cell and produces harmful toxins. According to the centers for disease control 10 to 20% of people affected by tetanus result in death (Atkinson,2009). This paper will go more in depth into tetanus and the diseases history, symptoms,epidemiology, treatment and possible vaccinations.

Many of Clostridium species strains include important human and animal health bacteria such as Clostridium tetani, C. perfringens, C. botulinum and C. difficile. These strains are distributed throughout the world in all environments, but mostly found in soils like Bacillus. Clostridium is important in the field of human health; however the molecular events in Clostridium sporulation are not well understood. Recent developments in molecular techniques such as high throughput genome sequencing, genome wide transcriptional profiling have allowed researchers to get more in depth information about Clostridium

Vibrio is a rod shaped bacteria that are also gram negative. They naturally appear in marine or estuarine environments. Also to note there are around about 12 species vibrio that have been known to cause diseases in humans which cause around about an estimated 80,000 illnesses, 500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths ever year in the US. The main reason that people get infected by vibrio is from coming into contact with seawater or through consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Vibriosis usually causes primary septicaemia (blood poisoning), diarrhoea, wound infections, or other extra intestinal infections. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a strain of vibrio that has a rod shaped is usually found in saltwater and if ingested can causes gastrointestinal

Clostridium Tetani is an anaerobic bacteria from the species Clostridium. Clostridium Tetani is found in soil or in animals and can result in Tetanus, a rare but painful muscular disease that can lead to respiratory failure and death. The toxin causes tetanus when introduced into damaged or dead tissue. Approximately 50-75% of patients with generalized tetanus have lockjaw, the inability to open the mouth. As the disease progresses, patients have generalized muscle rigidity with spasms in response to stimuli such as touch or noise while suffering with severe pain. The spasms can cause fractures, tendon ruptures, and respiratory failure. Clostridium Tetani averages between 3-7 micrometers in length, while in this lab it was estimated about ___micrometers

Bacteria are single-cell microorganisms that cannot be seen by the naked human eye. Bacteria are in many different classifications. Anaerobic bacteria, also known as anaerobes, are bacteria that do not survive with the assistance of oxygen. Generally, in humans they live in the gastrointestinal tract, but are also found in other places outside the body, such as, in soil and water, in foods, and in animals. Some anaerobes are beneficial to humans, although many others can cause sicknesses, such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, and gingivitis. Qualities that are included in anaerobic bacterial infection are nasty smelling pus, abscesses, and the endangering of tissue. An example of an anaerobic bacteria is bacteroides genus, which is both beneficial and harmful to humans. Secondly, is anthrax, a disease caused by bacillus anthracis (bacterium). In most cases, this is a deadly disease that puts both humans and animals lives at stake. With the large amount of financial, and motivational support scientists have present day, researchers have developed an effective vaccine to prevent this disease. Although not all cases of this have been cured and or prevented by this vaccination, many cases have profoundly responded and ended in a much more positive outcome. Coccus is a bacteria that is shaped like an oval or sphere. Cocci are the plural for cocccus, while a single coccus bacterium is referred to as a monococcus. While some can benefit from life, by maintain balance within

Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye that exist in virtually all environments in the world. They inhabit various environments such as dirt, water, and inside the human body (Bacteria, What, 2015). These organisms that have the capacity to live as either independent organisms or parasites (MedicineNet.com, 2012) are remarkably powerful and complex in nature as they can be both vital and detrimental to the health of an organism. As some bacteria are pathogenic, they can be harmful to the body causing diarrhoea, urinary tract infections, respiratory illness and pneumonia, and other illnesses. An example of a bacteria capable of harming the human body to such extent is Escherichia coli

Every winter the snow falls, and people get sick. Both of these items have components in common. Both the snow that falls, and the bacteria that gets people sick may be small, but when allowed to accumulate, characteristics of them become visible. While snow is made from frozen water, with flakes differentiating in the structure of them, bacteria is like that, to a sense. Certain bacteria families may have similar genomes, they do have slight differences that make up what they are. Just like snow being made of frozen water, bacteria is made up of the same four genomes. They’re just in a different order, which makes them unique