Il-4 Case Study

To understand autoimmune diseases, the general characteristic of autoimmunity must be addressed. Autoimmunity is defined, in short, as “ misdirected immune response”. A healthy person is equipped with the mechanisms necessary to defend the body from pathogens within the immune system. When autoimmunity is present in an individual, something within the immune system is

There are differences in gene expression for the innate immune response genes, IFN-α and IFN-β between donors. The data indicate that there is greater response in the asthmatic donor indicating that they may have robust immune response; IFN-α genes was expressed 8 fold higher in the asthmatics in comparison to the normal donor and this might be expected to correspond to greater symptoms. Based on the expression of IL8, the asthmatic donor would be expected to elicit a lesser neutrophil response, indicating defects in their immune system. The differences in gene expression of IL25, IL33, CCL11, and TGF-β, cytokines central to eliciting an allergic inflammation, are minimal in comparison to the others. However, more donor cells must be tested to confirm the preliminary

Inflammatory Diseases, in today's society pretty much everyone has heard of at least one of them. Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, the list of disorders goes on and on, and their effects can range from mild to life-altering. They all have one thing in common however, individuals with these diseases have overactive immune systems which then begin to attack the body's healthy cells. As the numbers of individuals with inflammatory diseases continues to rise the question then becomes, how did these disorders of the immune system begin in the first place? This article seeks to provide some answers to this question by detailing the work

Alkhalifah et al. (2010) observed monozygotic twins because they are likely to have similar criterions and patterns of hair follicle deterioration. They also observed that AA might be inherited due to patients having a family history of this autoimmune disease. Human leukocyte antigens genes (HLA) are affiliated in alopecia areata along with several HLA class I and II alleles (Alkhalifah et al. 2010). The HLA class II antigen is a main contributor to the development of AA. This gene is a big expresser on the hair follicles and it is expressed on immune cells, giving antigen peptides to a specific T cell, CD4+. These findings suggest that CD4+ cells do indeed

Have you, a friend or family member been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease? They include multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Crohn’s disease, and more than 80 other chronic, lifelong diseases. Attend the Illuminations Luncheon on Oct. 28 and learn how Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason (BRI) is “Turning the Tide Against Autoimmune Diseases.” Read More ...

It is available in elixir and pill/capsule form. Immunomodulators decrease asthma symptoms and are not for acute relief. The use of these decreases the need for systemic corticosteroids. Immunomodulators impact different parts of the pathophysiology of asthma. They can be of use in decreasing inflammation and stopping airway remodeling. They bind to IgE preventing it from binding to basophils and mast cells. They also decrease the number of circulating basophils as well as prevent mast cells from releasing things that will worsen asthmatic symptoms. Xolair is a monoclonal antibody and is the only currently approved immunomodulator therapy available for asthma. It is mainly used with positive skin test to known asthma triggers but can also be used for symptoms that are inadequately controlled by inhaled corticosteroids. There are many newer drugs that are in development. Some of these include: Daclizumab which affects multiple places in the asthma cascade; Lebrikizumab which binds and blocks interleukin-13 activity; Reslizumab that targets

Relapsing polychondritis is thought to be a rare auto immune disease. While reading articles and research I found that those with relapsing polychondritis had antibodies against type II collagen and in increase in HLA-DR4 antigen which gives insight to the etiology of the disease. An abundance of research is done by case studies and mouse/rat models. A patient has increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein as well as leukocyctosis, thrombocytosis, chronic anemia, and high levels of alpha and gamma globulins. CD4 T cells are at the site of inflammation which indicate cartilage as the target. They also have low levels of antinuclear antibody and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. The disease’s severity can vary

IMPORTANCE: IgG4-related disease is an immune-mediated histopathologic entity that has been shown to underlie many disorders that were previously thought to be unrelated. IgG4-related disease has been shown to affect nearly every organ system, including the skin. It is increasingly being recognized as an important mimic of many inflammatory and malignant conditions.

The period of gestation is one of the most important predictors of an infant’s subsequent health and survival. Precipitating elements include genetic, endocrine, anatomic, immunologic, and microbiologic factors; however, in almost 50% of the cases the etiology remains unexplained [3, 4]. Some studies have led to the awareness that immunological factors play an important role in establishing a successful pregnancy. Considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that cytokines play an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy by modulating the immune system [5]. IL-10 is highly expressed in the uterus and placenta and is implicated in controlling inflammation-induced pathologies of pregnancy. IL-10 has been implicated as a key anti-inflammatory

Treg cells play an important protective role in EAE based upon the finding that mice depleted of Treg cells exhibit an increased susceptibility to EAE, whereas adoptive transfer of Treg cells reduce EAE incidence (Akirav et al., 2009, Stephens et al., 2009, Bebo et al., 2009). IL-10 was reported as a first factor provided by Th2 cells, which prevents cytokine production by Th1 cells. IL-10 also plays a critical role in the regulation of autoimmune injury occurs in EAE. It has been showed that susceptibility of IL-10−/− mice to EAE highly increased, whereas mice over-expressing IL-10 are highly resistant to EAE induction (Dai et al.,

Do you feel fatigued even after you get a full night of sleep? Do you have achy muscles and joints, brain fog, inability to concentrate, or insomnia? Do you get rashes, eczema, hives, or skin irritation? Do you have an inability to tolerate cold or heat? Do you get diarrhea, bloating, constipation, or stomach pain? If you answered “yes” to several of these, there’s a good chance you have an autoimmune condition. Many people suffer for years with a vague set of symptoms that look like many other conditions but can’t be clearly defined or put in a box. Today we know this previous gray area actually defines the symptoms that precede or are involved in the process of autoimmunity.

Integrin receptor/ligand interactions provide a potent costimulatory signal to CD3-mediated T cell activation (Davis et al., 1990; Nguyen et al., 2008). Specifically, the VLA-4 mediated interaction of resting human CD4+ T lymphocytes with FN has been shown to promote CD3-mediated T cell proliferation (Shimizu et al., 1990). Coimmobilization with mAb to CD3 and FN consistently resulted in strong T cell proliferation. Other investigators showed that immobilized FN enhances anti-CD3 induced proliferation of both CD45RAdim (memory) and CD45RAHI (naïve) subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that this effect was inhibited with a mAb against the β1 subunit of VLA-4. Additionally, Nojima et al. showed that the A and B epitopes of VLA-4 play a key role in VLA-4 mediated T cell costimulation (Nojima et al., 1990).

The CD4+ T cells follows a separate pathway depending on cytokines milieu. In the presence of interleukin -12 (IL-12) the CD4+ T cell differentiate into interferon-γ (IFNγ) which secret Th1 helper cell. In the presence of interleukin-23 (IL-23), he CD4+ T cell differentiate into interleukin-17 (IL-17) which secret Th17 cell. In normal physiological conditions, the function of Th1 cells is mediate defenses against intracellular pathogen, whereas Th17 cells are implicated in(3).

This vast world is filled with millions of different diseases, and they can be categorized just as many ways. One category in which they can be broken down into can be an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease is a disease where the body’s immune system attacks itself. This group of diseases can be broken down even further into many specific diseases, for example rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints in the body, particularly the joints in the hands and feet. An article written in 2014 by Rawlings and Choy digs deeper into this disease and aries a few questions that I’ll discuss later.

Cancer is associated with global immune suppression of the host. The human immune system fights the pathogens and harmful antigens that may invade the body. However, this is not always the case as there are autoimmune diseases which turn the body against itself. The cell surface coreceptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has emerged as a critical attenuator of T-cell activation and an essential component of the regulatory systems that serve to maintain peripheral tolerance. CTLA-4 expression is induced on the surface of T cells after they have received a costimulatory signal from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via engagement of CD28 on the T-cell surface. In addition, Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes antigen-4 is protein that is