Il-4 Case Study

There are differences in gene expression for the innate immune response genes, IFN-α and IFN-β between donors. The data indicate that there is greater response in the asthmatic donor indicating that they may have robust immune response; IFN-α genes was expressed 8 fold higher in the asthmatics in comparison to the normal donor and this might be expected to correspond to greater symptoms. Based on the expression of IL8, the asthmatic donor would be expected to elicit a lesser neutrophil response, indicating defects in their immune system. The differences in gene expression of IL25, IL33, CCL11, and TGF-β, cytokines central to eliciting an allergic inflammation, are minimal in comparison to the others. However, more donor cells must be tested to confirm the preliminary

Have you, a friend or family member been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease? They include multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Crohn’s disease, and more than 80 other chronic, lifelong diseases. Attend the Illuminations Luncheon on Oct. 28 and learn how Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason (BRI) is “Turning the Tide Against Autoimmune Diseases.” Read More ...

Alkhalifah et al. (2010) observed monozygotic twins because they are likely to have similar criterions and patterns of hair follicle deterioration. They also observed that AA might be inherited due to patients having a family history of this autoimmune disease. Human leukocyte antigens genes (HLA) are affiliated in alopecia areata along with several HLA class I and II alleles (Alkhalifah et al. 2010). The HLA class II antigen is a main contributor to the development of AA. This gene is a big expresser on the hair follicles and it is expressed on immune cells, giving antigen peptides to a specific T cell, CD4+. These findings suggest that CD4+ cells do indeed

To understand autoimmune diseases, the general characteristic of autoimmunity must be addressed. Autoimmunity is defined, in short, as “ misdirected immune response”. A healthy person is equipped with the mechanisms necessary to defend the body from pathogens within the immune system. When autoimmunity is present in an individual, something within the immune system is

Autoimmune disease- any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues (the definition from wordnetweb.pronceton.edu).

Relapsing polychondritis is thought to be a rare auto immune disease. While reading articles and research I found that those with relapsing polychondritis had antibodies against type II collagen and in increase in HLA-DR4 antigen which gives insight to the etiology of the disease. An abundance of research is done by case studies and mouse/rat models. A patient has increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein as well as leukocyctosis, thrombocytosis, chronic anemia, and high levels of alpha and gamma globulins. CD4 T cells are at the site of inflammation which indicate cartilage as the target. They also have low levels of antinuclear antibody and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. The disease’s severity can vary

IMPORTANCE: IgG4-related disease is an immune-mediated histopathologic entity that has been shown to underlie many disorders that were previously thought to be unrelated. IgG4-related disease has been shown to affect nearly every organ system, including the skin. It is increasingly being recognized as an important mimic of many inflammatory and malignant conditions.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory condition which affects the membrane lining of the nose; causing it to become sensitive to allergens such as pollen, dust and animal dander. During AR, antigens bind with immunoglobulin E (IgE) to form an antigen-antibody complex which then attach themselves to the surface of nasal mast cells; inducing a cascade of cellular events leading to mast cell degranulation and the release of histamine via exocytosis. The release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators on blood vessel and nerve endings results in the symptoms of AR such as sneezing, itching and nasal discharge (rhinorrhoea). AR which occurs the same time every year is known as seasonal AR or more commonly known as “hay fever”. Avoiding causative allergens is essential in the management of the symptoms of AR; however, drug treatment is used to alleviate and control its symptoms. This evaluation will focus on the use of H1 anti-histamines, corticosteroids and IgE therapy in the treatment and management of seasonal AR. (ARIA, 2008)

Examples: autoimmune diseases - acute glomerulonephritis and in systemic lupus erythematosus, a widespread inflammation of the connective tissues

The period of gestation is one of the most important predictors of an infant’s subsequent health and survival. Precipitating elements include genetic, endocrine, anatomic, immunologic, and microbiologic factors; however, in almost 50% of the cases the etiology remains unexplained [3, 4]. Some studies have led to the awareness that immunological factors play an important role in establishing a successful pregnancy. Considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that cytokines play an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy by modulating the immune system [5]. IL-10 is highly expressed in the uterus and placenta and is implicated in controlling inflammation-induced pathologies of pregnancy. IL-10 has been implicated as a key anti-inflammatory

CD4 cells, also known as T-helper cells, are an essential part of the human immune system. When a foreign particle enters the body, CD4 cells send signals to other types of immune cells, which trigger them to then destroy the infectious particle. If a body’s CD4 cell count is reduced, the body is left vulnerable to many diseases and infections that it would otherwise have been able to protect itself against. CD4 is also a glycoprotein on

Autoimmune diseases are very common. There are over 23.5 million Americans who suffer from such diseases. Women of child bearing age and people with a family history of autoimmune diseases are more likely to be affected by these diseases. Addison’s can also occur in dogs. This type of disease is one that is caused by the attack of healthy cells and tissue. The immune system can’t tell the difference between the healthy tissue and the bad one and it attacks the normal one creating an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders can destroy body tissue, change the function of an organ, or cause abnormal growth in an organ. Parts of the body that are usually affected by these disorders are joints, muscles, blood vessels, endocrine glands, or other organs. There is a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. More than 80 kinds of diseases have been discovered.

Do you feel fatigued even after you get a full night of sleep? Do you have achy muscles and joints, brain fog, inability to concentrate, or insomnia? Do you get rashes, eczema, hives, or skin irritation? Do you have an inability to tolerate cold or heat? Do you get diarrhea, bloating, constipation, or stomach pain? If you answered “yes” to several of these, there’s a good chance you have an autoimmune condition. Many people suffer for years with a vague set of symptoms that look like many other conditions but can’t be clearly defined or put in a box. Today we know this previous gray area actually defines the symptoms that precede or are involved in the process of autoimmunity.

Lately, Zedan et al characterized three asthma phenotypes as indicated by asthma clinical manifestation[shortness of breath (SOB), cough, wheeze].This review categorizes these clinical phenotypes in light of inflammatory biomarkers, cytokines profile, and their reaction to asthma medications.Children patients with the wheezy asthma phenotype are kids manifested predominantly with wheezes (defined via the affected person or the caregiver as noisy respiration, creaking, whistling, rattling secretions within the throat, jingling) (40).

With autoimmune diseases, the underlying issue is similar. The body's immune system becomes unable to recognize healthy cells from diseased cells. Consequently, the immune’s own defense mechanism produces antibodies that attack the normal tissues and cells. Autoimmune diseases