Iliopsoa Research Paper

The left metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) joints are held at slight flexion pressed against the ground by a concentric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus. The left talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed using a concentric contraction of the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The right talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed by a concentric contraction of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius. The left tibiofermoral (knee) joints are being extended by a concentric contraction of the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius). The right metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) are being held plantar flexed due to an isometric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digtorum longus. The right tibiofermoral (knee) joints are flexed at a 90-degree angle by a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus. During this phase the left acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is flexed due to an eccentric contraction of the rectus femoris, pectineus, iliacus, and psoas. The right acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is at slight extension due to a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the gluteus

As explained by Opar (3) the hamstring consists of three muscles, biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST) semimembranosus (SM), this composes a muscle group crossing the hip and knee joint that acts synergistically in extending the hip and flexing the knee.

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Hip flexion/ Knee Extension; Hip extension/ Knee flexion. Major muscles involved include the quadriceps, the inner thigh, the hamstrings and gluteal region. Also, leg strength in the calve muscles is important.

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These muscles begin at the ischial tuberosity, which is at the bottom of the pelvis. The muscles meet at the knee joint and end at the lower leg, where they are joined together through connective tissue that attach the tendons to the bones like double-sided tape. The hamstring muscle groups work to help extend the leg back and provide motion at the knee. Due to the crossing

The key muscles that contract when executing an inversion are the tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior. The muscles that are required to perform a successful eversion are the fibularis brevis and fibularis longus. The next movement is dorsiflextion, which requires the flexion of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Lastly, the motion of plantar flexion demands the contraction of the gastrocnemius, plantaris soleus, and the fibularis longus. Since the ligaments are weak, the surrounding muscles must be stronger in order to stabilize those ligaments or those ligaments might become very fragile and

vastus medialis. Collectively the quadriceps muscle is the biggest in the human body and its purpose is to expand the knee. The specific task of the vastus lateralis muscle is to extend the lower leg and allow the body to rise up from a squatting position.(Hannan et al, 2000).

The biceps femoris is one of the three muscles including the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus, that make up the group of muscles called the hamstrings. The hamstrings are located on the posterior side of the leg. The biceps femoris originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula. The movement of the biceps femoris is responsible for the flexion of the knee and the external rotation of the lower leg. Flexion of the knee happens when the back of the foot is raised toward the back of the leg.

The ACL originates from the medial and anterior aspect of the tibial plateau and runs superiorly, laterally, and posteriorly toward its insertion on the lateral femoral condyle. Together with the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the ACL guides the instantaneous center of rotation of the knee, therefore controlling joint kinematics. To a lesser degree, the ACL checks extension and hyperextension. The ACL is not as strong as the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and it is less strong at its femoral origin than at its tibial insertion. Muscles surrounding the knee joint contribute to knee stabilization during lower extremity movements.

Many of the muscles of the foot originate in the leg. Tendons from these muscles attach in the foot and aid in the articulation of the joints. From the anterior leg, the extensor hallucis longus muscle, extensor hallucis brevis muscle, extensor digitorum longus muscle, and the extensor digitorum brevis act as extensors on the phalanges. From the posterior leg, the flexor hallucis longus muscle and flexor digitorum longus muscle act as flexors of the phalanges.

The third type of ligament found in the knee is the medial collateral ligament also known as tibial collateral ligament this ligament limits sideway motion of the knee it attaches the medial side of the femur (thigh) to the medial side of the tibia (shin bone). The lateral collateral ligament attaches the side of the femur (thigh) to the lateral side of the fibula (long thine bone) and it limits sideways motion of the knee it is also called fibular collateral ligament (Schmidler). The last ligament found in the knee is the patellar ligament this ligament attaches the kneecap to the tibia (shin bone). Schmidler stated, “The pair of collateral ligaments keep the knee from moving too far side-to-side. The cruciate ligaments crisscross each other in the center of the knee. They allow the tibia to “swing” back and forth under the femur without the tibia sliding too far forward or backward under the femur.” The four ligament mentioned by Schmidler are the most vital structures in keeping the knees stability the patellar ligament also helps with stability. Another major part that makes up the knee is tendons. Tendons provide an attachment of muscle to bones they are elastic tissues and also tendons aid to alleviate the

The next progression of the preparatory phase is abduction of the hip. When performing this motion, the goal is to abduct the thigh to a point that is past the lower leg of the opponent. For this, the agonist muscles are the sartorius, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor fascia latae. Opposing this are the antagonists, which consist of the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and the

The quads include the rectus femoris, and the vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis. This muscle group shares a common tendon at insertion. The patellar tendon inserts at the tibial tuberosity, and within this tendon lies the patella. The patella is anterior to the femur-tibia articulation, and this sesmoid bone increases the leverage of the quads by acting as a pulley. The major contributor to the stability of the knee joint is the strength of the quads. The only muscle that assists in extension is the tensor fascia lata.

The vastus lateralis muscle forms part of the quadriceps muscle group of the upper leg and can be found on the anteriolateral aspect of the thigh. This muscle is more commonly used as the site for IM injections as it is generally thick and well formed in individuals of all ages and is not located close to any major arteries or nerves. It is also readily accessed. The middle third of the muscle is used to define the injection site. This third can be determined by visually dividing the length of the muscle that originates on the greater trochanter of the femur and inserts on the upper border of the patella and tibial tuberosity through the patella ligament into thirds. Palpation of the muscle is required to determine if sufficient body and mass is present to undertake the procedure.