Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

Globalisation has a very long history of the social development of the world it started many years ago. It left a remarkable sign throughout the time which many people use this term of globalisation. It often

There are various theoretical frameworks that create the foundation for understanding of any social or economic phenomenon. Since globalization occurs on several levels there are different theories that explain various aspects of it. The analysis of various factors that facilitate the creation of interconnected and

“Strong and sustained American leadership is essential to a rules-based international order that promotes global security and prosperity as well as the dignity and human rights of all peoples.” This statement from the most recent U.S. National Security Strategy indicates that the White House administration acknowledges the current international order is shaped constitutionally, or is “rule-based.” Globalization has made states and individuals increasingly interdependent and interconnected. Globalization is an “umbrella term” used to describe the interconnectedness, integration, and transcontinental interdependence of people and states; it occurs on several dimensions: economic, political, security, and social/cultural. Constructivism best explains how globalization spreads cultural norms, values, and interests resulting in constitutional orders between states that “evolve over time through interaction between agents and social structures.” As such, the international order will change through state collaboration in institutions and organizations, economic interdependence between states, and the sharing of cultural norms particularly through the advancing platform of technology.

Globalization is defined as the development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide. In current times, we are all influenced by organizations and social networks located thousands of miles away. A key part of the study of globalization is the emergence of a world system- for some purposes; we need to regard the world as forming a single social order. (Introduction to Sociology, Giddens, Anthony, Duneier, Mitchell, Applebaum, Richard, Carr, Deborah, 9th Edition).

The author moves from a broad topic and breaks it down into several components. “Capitalism is… A market is… the axial division of labor…unequal exchange is…” (pg. 228) The several parts are broken down allow for the audience to see each component come together to form Capitalism and the world-economy. Wallerstein starts with capitalism and world-economy as the main topic. But builds on evidence to explain the market that the topics succeed in. Wallerstein breaks down the market and explains products and the exchange patterns. Wallerstein takes a simple assumption of what a market is and literally breaks it down through the several variations. Revealing that globalism strives on certain markets unknown to a more complicated process. (pg. 228) The author makes a compelling argument by illustrating the topic of the capitalist world-economy, and cuts it down to a non-corporate level and explains its impact on every person. “We should begin by explaining what these two terms, world-economy and capitalism, denote” (pg. 227) The argument presented is believable due to his successful examples of western countries thriving due to this system. The author additionally provides the reasons why some countries can’t handle the system and its impact on their whole economy. The author lacks the use of statistical data. However, he implements specific moments in history to define the

Globalization is the rapidly developing process of complex interconnections between societies, cultures, institutions and individuals world-wide (Tomlinson, 1997). The term “globalization” often became used since the second half of the 1980s with the radical increase of foreign direct investment by MNCs. This phenomenon was facilitated by the triumph of market-oriented economic ideology represented as deregulation, privatization, and a decreased role for the state in the economy over communism in collapsing of the Soviet Union (Gilpin, 2001). Since then, there is a widespread acknowledge that increasing global interconnection results in cultural standardization and homogeneity driven by Americanism or Westernization, which may have been regarded

Particularly after the Cold War ended, economics became one of the primary motivators in foreign policy. This idea, called globalism, refers to a number of theories that see the complexities of modern life such that events and actions are tied together, regardless of the geographic location of a specific country (political unit). In broad strokes, globalism is a movement that encompasses politics, culture, economics and foreign policy that flattens the world in terms of hierarchy and brings nations with divergent interests together on a more level playing field. Globalism is tied to technological development, in that the Internet, SmartPhones, and other instantaneous technological solutions offer a more global approach to business and finance. The rapid growth of the global economy profoundly effects modern economic development and stability, labor, and, most particularly, the way humans are able to interact with one another in other words, the ethics and morality of human interaction.

The terms "cosmopolitanism" and "universality" is often used by researchers in a semantic context, to correctly define the processes occurring in the modern world. They believe that the world is becoming more and more cosmopolitan, and we all influence each other, the world is impossible without the spirit of universalism. We must overcome national borders as an archaism, while respecting national characteristics. As someone said "Mechanisms of

Globalisation is the complex of processes that result in an increase in the interconnection of state through economy, politics and culture. Globalisation and increased state interconnectedness have been present since the late 1940s until today. Globalisation through the ages is seen through the Long Boom, the world wide recessions, neoliberal revival and neoliberal hegemony (Cerny, Menz and Soederberg, 2005: 7/8).

The theory of globalization today is a field of intensive debate as the efforts towards defining globalization most often highlight its individual aspects. According to Held and McGrew (1999), “globalisation is an idea whose time has come, yet it lacks precise definition”. Despite the ambiguity of the term “globalisation,” the use of the term, according to Held and McGrew, reflects increased interconnectedness in political, economic and cultural matters across the world creating a shared social space. Given this inter-connectedness, globalisation may be defined as: “a process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and

The third theory is underdevelopment theory. This theory have explain three types of country which is core, semi-periphery and periphery country. Immanuel Wallerstein also classificies the positions of country, which is based on the developed and developing countries according to their economics in the global level. This theory is about the “capitalist world economy” that means the people or the rich country who have the control of economy in certain places or a country (Sorinel, 2010). This level can be divided into core (rich country), semi-periphery (developing country) and periphery (poor country) (Sorinel, 2010). This theory show that how the capitalist or rich country manage the economy of the semi-periphery and the periphery country. This types have their own function in this theory.

In this essay I will give a detailed explanation of what sociologists mean by the term ‘globalisation’ and how they have tried to explain it.

Immanuel Wallerstein (1930-) is a famous American historian, sociologist, and political scientist. His radicalism and his bold and pragmatic critique of capitalism have made him become the representative in social sciences field. (Wang Zhengyi. 2000) Owing to the obvious origins of his writing and Marxist theory, and the continuation of a large number of terms in Marxism, such as capital, relations of production, and class, Wallerstein is also regarded as the representative of the new Marxist school.

Robertson 's main works are Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (1992) and the edited volume Global Modernities. 1985 first used the term “globalization” in one of Roland sociological article.

Following the end of the Cold War and advancing globalisation, reference to the world in geopolitical terms is outdated. First World Nations are now recognised as those having advanced economies and technologies, high standard of living and possessing the greatest influence in