Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction

This reaction occurs as a result of the bodys immune sytem reacting innappropriately in response to substances

Allergy is a Medical condition that causes someone to become sick after eating, touching, or breathing something that is harmless to most people(1).The describe allergic disease as "the epidemic of the 21st century". The prevalence has doubled over the last 20 years (2). Allergy has many types such as food allergies, antibiotics allergies, pollen allergies, egg allergies, and peanut allergies. Allergy symptoms in general are itching and redness of the skin, high fever, trouble breathing, or cough. There are substances that cause allergic including airborne example of this dust, pollen.

An anaphylactic reaction (anaphylaxis) is a sudden, severe allergic reaction that affects multiple areas of the body. Affected areas of the body may include the skin, mouth, lungs, heart, or gut (digestive system). Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. This condition requires immediate medical attention, and sometimes hospitalization.

The release of chemicals that cause vasodilatation together the veins and arteries vasodilate, causing a

Dendritic cells are known as the gatekeepers and are critical to an immune response. Dendritic cells can either have an immune response or induce tolerance because of the production of different mediators and surface molecules. Because dendritic cells can promote differentiation of CD4+ cells into other types of T-helper cells they can further shape the immune response. What type of response is dependant on the mediators produced and then further influenced by cytokines from the surrounding environment. T-helper cells activate inflammatory cells and form the allergic reactions that are crucial through cytokine production. The allergen specific B cells are engaged by the T-cell receptors on the Th2 cell surface leading to production of IL-4, IL-3 that allows switching in B cells and the synthesizing of IgE (Faoud 2011). The allergen specific B cells and Th2 cells become memory cells for future immune

When you experience an allergic or inflammatory response, histamines are produced within your body, causing smooth muscle contraction and capillary dilation, (as well as those annoying bouts of sneezing, wheezing, itching, and generally being miserable).

Anaphylaxis is accompanied by drops in blood pressure, excessive swelling, hives, and dilated blood vessels. Many times when anaphylaxis happens, the body goes into shock, which is where the term anaphylactic shock comes in. Anaphylaxis occurs when your immune system develops immunoglobulin E which is a specific antibody that is meant to fight allergens. However, this antibody causes exaggerated allergic reactions towards the allergen. Symptoms don’t always present immediately but when they do it is crucial that they are treated

Steele, P. (2016) Clinical Immunology Module 3. Lecture 1: Hypersensitivity. (PowerPoint slides: Narration) Retrieved from University of Cincinnati Immunology Blackboard: https://canopy.uc.edu/bbcswebdav/courses/2168-F_35MLSC3053001/16US_MLSC3053001_ImportedContent_20160413040126/Handouts/Mod3_Lecture1_Hypersensitivity.pdf.

Figure 1 shows a flow cytometric analysis of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+. For this test cells were incubated with human antibodies to CD4 and human antibodies to CD25. PE-Cy5 conjugated rat IgG2a antibodies were used as the control. The effects of the allergens on the Treg cells found in the PBMCs of both study groups were clear. When there was allergen stimulation, Treg cells were significantly lower in atopic and non-atopic NP patients in comparison to the control group which has much higher Treg. In rating, the control group had the best response to the allergen concerning Treg cells, then the non-atopic NP patients, but the atopic NP patients had a much lower Treg percentage than the non-atopic patients. In atopic patients, stimulation of the PBMCs with HDM+PHA showed signs of significantly decreased CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and Treg cells in comparison to PBMCs that were stimulated with just the PHA. The control group showed an increase in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and Treg cells in both stimulated PBMCs.

In the first process, NK cells recognize the target cell through its cell surface receptors. Here the infected cells coated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies bind to the IgG specific receptors (FcγR) expressed on the surface of NK cells. This receptor-ligand interaction activates the downstream signaling cascade of NK cells, which direct them to destroy the target cell by a process called antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The second mechanism of recognition relies on the expression of killer activating (KAR) and inhibiting receptors (KIR) expressed on its cell surface. These receptors recognize a range of different molecules present on the surface of nucleated cells and regulate the functional outcome of NK cells. Once the activating receptor is engaged, a “Kill” instruction is issued to NK cells, that in turn activates perforin and granzyme mediated cytolysis. The “kill” signal, conversely, can be overridden when the signal is sent from the inhibitory receptor, a mode typically exploited by viruses in the suppression of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (Delves and Roitt, 2000). Other immune cells such as eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells also make a major contribution to the first line of defense mechanism. Basophils and mast cells contain IgE specific cell surface receptors (FceR) and exhibit high affinity for pathogens coated with the IgE antibodies. These cells are particularly important in the case of atopic allergies such as asthma and hay fever, wherein the allergen binds to IgE cross-links FceR and triggers the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as histamines and prostaglandins. Eosinophils, on the other hand, act as weak phagocytic cells and function mainly through the release of cationic proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) into the extracellular fluid. Collectively, these immune cells stimulate a rapid and

HRV also causes the release of thymic stromal lymphoprotein, increasing the production of mast and dendritic cells, leading to a Th2 response and airway hyperresponsiveness. It has also been considered that HRV induces epithelial cells to participate in antigen presentation and eosinophil migration and increases the potential for late allergic reaction and enhances allergic inflammation.

Childhood allergy is an exaggerated reaction by the immune system in response to certain foreign substances. These foreign objects may not be really harmful thus it is called an exaggerated response. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produce antibodies called immunoglobulin that causes the mast cells and allergy cells to release chemicals, including histamine resulting in allergic reactions. In most people, allergies appear during infancy and childhood. Some allergies can be outgrown while some lasts for a lifetime. It is best to consult an allergy specialist so that the source can be easily avoided and the symptoms treated. When avoidance measures fail or impossible,

Asthma can best be described as a chronic inflammatory disease involving the pulmonary airways, and bronchial hyper responsiveness that results in lower airway obstruction (Kudo, Ishigatsubo, & Aoki, 2013). The pathophysiology of asthma involves airway inflammation, intermittent airflow obstruction, and bronchial hyper responsiveness (Kudo et al., 2013). It is now considered to be an assortment of several diseases that have similar characteristics and symptoms (London et al., 2017). Cells that were learned to be associated to airway inflammation include mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial cells, macrophages, and activated T lymphocytes (Mims, 2015). These cells influence smooth muscle tone and contribute to remodeling of the airway. Airway hyper responsiveness in asthma occurs from an overactive response to numerous organisms found from

5) Asthma is chronic obstructive lung conditions that is condemned of triggers and attacks. Since we now know that asthma has many triggers and causes, well in response to coming in contact with its trigger the mast cells of the immune system, which are found in loose connective tissue, are responsible for releasing vasoactive which are action on vessels, chemical mediators, including histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, cytokines and prostaglandins. Chemotactic (produces specific cell movement) chemical mediators released from the mast cells cause neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils to infiltrate the cells of the bronchial lining. These target the respiratory system and cause bronchoconstriction, vascular congestion, vasodilation, increases in capillary permeability, mucosal edema, impaired mucociliary action (removal of mucus and contaminants within the bronchial tree by movement of the cilia inside the bronchioles), and increased mucus production, which leads to an increase in airway resistance. These pathophysiologic factors produce the typical clinical presentation of asthma. (Allergic Asthma and Rhinitis Comorbidity, P.

Allergies are among the most common inveterate case worldwide. Allergy symptoms range from making you powerless to putting you at risk for life-menacing reaction.Food allergies are defined as “ the body 's abnormal responses to harmless foods; the reactions are caused by the immune system 'sreaction to some food proteins” (thefreedictionary.difntion.com).In other words,The job of the body’s immune system is to identify and ruin germs (such as bacteria or viruses) that make you sick. A food allergy results when the immune system wrong targets a harmless food protein an allergen as menace and attacks it.