Immune Response To Hiv Infection

The bubonic plague is a bacterial disease that is considered one of the most lethal in history. Recorded pandemics of the plague reach back to 541 A.D. and minor epidemics can still be found around the world (Plague). The plague consists of a bacterium called Yersinia pestis. This bacterium has the ability to mutate quickly and can easily destroy the immune system of the infected person, “it does this by injecting toxins into defense cells such as macrophages that are tasked with detecting bacterial infections. Once these cells are knocked out, the bacteria can multiply unhindered.” (Plague) The bubonic plague has a number of symptoms ranging from a headache to seizures. The most distinguishable

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome denotes a spectrum of conditions that are caused by the HIV virus. Infection with this disease does not result in the instant occurrence of the related signs and symptoms. However, an individual is likely to experience flu-like symptoms after he or she is infected with it. Eventually, the person experiences a prolonged period of apparent health with no visible signs. On progression, the infection adversely interferes with the immune system of the individual. The weakening of the body’s defense system increases the risk of recurrence of common infections and opportunistic illnesses that

CD4 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infects cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages. HIV has an envelope and contains two copies of single-stranded RNA as the genome. Within the viral capsid are important viral enzymes called reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. The HIV virus has a spike protein that is called gp120, and the host cell receptor is CD4+. HIV belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses. Retroviruses are RNA viruses, and to replicate or reproduce, they must make a DNA copy of their RNA through transcription and translation. It is the DNA genes that allow the

The Yersinia Pestis in a bacteria that affects the immune system. The immune system is made up of T Lymphocytes and B Lymphocytes or also know as t cells and b cells. When the immune system gets infected the t cells will start dividing itself over and over again. While dividing itself the t cells will recognize the antigen. “ An antigen is a monocle that the immune system recognizes

Yersinia pestis, is well known for being the cause of the bubonic plague; the cause of the black death that plagued medieval Europe. What is not nearly as well known, is that there are actually three different forms a Y. pestis infection can take: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic. How Y. pestis infects the body and why it is so deadly are also largely unknown with regards to most people’s knowledge of the subject. Much research has gone into this bacterium and the body’s response to the foreign invader. The bacterium is still relatively common in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, so a greater knowledge of this microbe is imperative for humans to be able to stay safe considering the danger

The Bubonic Plague is a bacteria that affects the Immune System. The role of the Immune System is to protect the body against harmful diseases that could potentially damage or threaten the body. The Immune System is a collection of different structures and processes held within the body. The Immune

In the event of an Y. pestis infection the body will redeploy a specific humoral and cellular defence mechanisms and will establishes protective immunity the humoral immune response can directly attack extracellular bacteria and will stimulate the cell mediated cell response to neutralise the bacteria’s ability to dampen the body’s ability to deploy Antibodies, B cells and Macrophages and resulting in the promotion of T cell activation in cooperation with the cell mediated response mechanisms aiding the humoral response by eradicating the intercellular Y. pestis reservoir from the

The immune system utilizes enzymes to clean up debris as well as fight foreign living pathogens. One immune cell type engulfs microbes and debris and injects one or more of its “living enzyme packets” to destroy them. Once an immune cell’s enzymes become depleted, it dies a normal death.

People with HIV most of the time die of another infection because HIV attacks the helper T cells. These are

The immune system is a defence mechanism inbuilt in all living organisms comprised of specific biological processes and structures. Its purpose is to protect against disease using the networks of cells, tissues and organs that work cohesively for protection. In order to function correctly, the immune system must be able to detect and distinguish an expansive variety of pathogens that derive from harmful viruses, bacteria, protozoans, parasites etc. The immune system can be divided into subsystems including the adaptive immune system and the innate immune system, as well as act as part of a whole of the organisms’ body,

CD4 count is a measure of immune function. By measuring someone's CD4 levels you can see how HIV has affected their immune system, showing the progression of the virus. Most people in the UK start treatment when their CD4 count is at 350.

There are plenty of scary and damaging myths about HIV, most of which exist because people are scared of it. You cannot get it from kissing, sharing exercise equipment, animal scratches, sneezing, and you will not even catch it if somebody ejaculates onto your skin unless they do it onto an open and bleeding wound.

When a viral infection happens within an organism, there are two main types of immune responses. The first, is the innate immune response which involves different resistance mechanisms to determine and respond to an unspecified pathogen. Innate immunity in relation to viruses requires cytokines and NK cells to destroy the pathogen. Viral infection in cells promote the production of a specific type of cytokines known as interferon and they interfere with viral replication in the host cells. Interferon can be split down into three main molecules: interferon-, interferon- and interferon-. Interferon- &  are the main molecules in viral infection. Interferon also activate natural killer cells in order for them to destroy virus infected cells and allow the release of cytokines. The adaptive immune response also

Have you ever wondered how your body works? Did you ever think about how your body defends itself from outside invaders? Remember the last time you were sick. Did you know how your body fought and killed the sickness? All these questions can be answered by learning about one of the most important systems in your body, the immune system.

HIV-1 unique trespassing method and integration in the host cells makes the virus a rigorous parasite for the immune system to detect and defend its self from the virus. By understanding the life cycle of the virus, we can understand its success rate of reproduction under millions of regulatory immune cells. After been introduced into the host body, by sexual transmission or breaking of the skin, we can begin to follow the beginning stages of HIV, which would lead to AIDS without proper