Immunocompromised As Additional Risk Factors Essay

I performed assessments every day of preceptorship. Lung sounds can be difficult for me to identify, so I liked being able to listen and ask my preceptor if she heard the same thing. I heard a whooshing sound over the heart of one of my patients and spent extra time listening to it. I guess he noticed that I was confused because he told me that he has a Pig Valve. Some of the other sounds I could verify were crackles and wheezes.

* Pneumonia is refers to an infection in the lungs that causes swelling in the lungs tissue and this inflammation

This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the

When CAP occurs, it is determined if the need for hospitalisation is necessary as it depends on the seriousness of the infection. Gram- positive organisms such as S. pneumoniae, naturally occur in the upper respiratory tract, is one cause of lower respiratory infections such as pneumonia, but is also a culprit in causing upper respiratory infections like otitis media. H. influenzae is just one of many bacterial infections that can result in CAP, it therefore can be subacute and present with a low-grade fever and a persistent cough for a few weeks before a patient has a diagnosis. Adults that have very little or no immunity are an easier target for certain viruses such as that of the Cytomegalovirus, which is a viral pathogen that is commonly contracted within the community, other common virus are adenovirus and herpes simplex. When a virus starts to become acute, it starts an infection within the ciliated cells within the airway. When pneumonia occurs from this viral infection, the inflammatory action starts to seep into the alveolar areas and leads to the problem of excess exudation and oedema within the respiratory tract. It is sometimes often difficult to differentiate symptoms of a viral pneumonia from that of bacterial pneumonia (Smeltzer &

Furthermore, after reviewing J.B.’s past medical, surgical, social and family history, medication, allergies, and review the systems, the nurse practitioner student ruled out postnasal drip as the differential diagnosis because J.B. denied having a postnasal drip that might cause coughs. Upon the physical examination, the student ruled out pneumonia because J.B. had clear bilateral lung sounds. The student did not rule out pneumonia before the physical examination is because signs and symptoms alone are not reliable to rule out pneumonia. Long, Long, & Koyfman (2017) states that the diagnosis of pneumonia requires a combination of clinical presentation, medical history, and physical examinations. The physical examinations, including dullness to percussion, wheezes, and crackles are the most reliable findings. Therefore, the final

I have personally seen how fast the symptoms progressed in a 10-month old child whose symptoms started as a regular cough. Next day his body temperature went up to 104 for and kept coming back constantly for couple of days. Cough became painful and started sounding more like wheezing and child could not eat or drink anything. Two separate trips to emergency room resulted in bringing toddler’s fever down, but even with chest x-rays and physical examinations, they were unsuccessful in detecting pneumonia until 911 was called and paramedics detected low oxygen and severe dehydration. I was informed by the admitting hospital physician that without prompt fluids, oxygen and antibiotic treatments, this cold complication may result in child’s

Pneumonia is described in Tabers cyclopedia medical dictionary, “as inflammation of the lungs, usually due to an infection with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogenic organisms” (p.1833)

Additional radiological test I would order for JT would be a chest radiograph (posteroanterior and lateral) due to his presenting signs and symptoms. What I would expect to see is an infiltrate on the chest radiograph, which is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pneumonia when other clinical presentations are present. In addition, a CT may be necessary if the radiograph is negative with the above signs and symptoms. The appearance of an interstitial infiltrates on the chest radiograph could be due to Pneumocystis jirovecii and viruses' and lobar consolidation due to bacteria (Bartlett, 2017). However, radiographic appearance

While the portable chest radiograph still remains a mandatory component in the diagnosis of ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia, as with clinical criteria for diagnosing VAP, it too has problems with both sensitivity and specificity. Poor-quality films further compromise the accuracy of chest X rays.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

Mrs. A (pseudonym) is an 83-year-old Samoan female of Christian religion who was admitted to an urban hospital on 02/04/15 by GP referral. She came in with chest pain associated with productive cough and shortness of breath (SOB) on exertion. She also complained of having recurrent episodes of vomiting mixed with saliva and fatigue. She has a history of asthma, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus on Metformin and double incontinence due to a long-standing history of intermittent constipation. Her chest computed tomographic (CT) revealed right lower lobe opacity indicating pulmonary consolidation, which means that her right lower lung has accumulated exudates in the alveoli that would have normally been filled by gas, indicative of bacterial pneumonia. Furthermore, a sputum gram stain sample collected from Mrs. A showed gram-positive bacteria, which is also a characteristic of pneumonia. Her blood tests revealed a high haemoglobin count, which may be caused by an underlying lung disease, as well as high white blood cell count confirming the presence of infection. Considering all diagnostic results, Mrs. A was diagnosed with right lower lobe bacterial pneumonia.

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are

The patient's overall symptoms and lab work suggest that she is suffering from hospital acquired pneumonia. Currently the patient is presenting a moist chesty cough. Additionally, her heart rate is elevated, her oxygenation is low, and her RR is high. She has a raised white blood cell count, which indicates infection. Finally, the patient is acting confused and disoriented, which can be the direct result of a lack of oxygenation to the brain. All of these symptoms point to pneumonia (Torres, 1999).

Respiratory: Lung sounds are clear on auscultation without rales, rhonchi, or wheezes. Respiration unlabored with