Immunology Exam 6 Chapters 11 And 12 Study Guide Essay

56. If you were a scientist working with HIV and its genes, which one would you target and why? [5 pts]

The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane. The capsid proteins are removed, releasing the viral proteins and RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a second DNA strand complementary to the first. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated as a provirus into the cell’s DNA. Proviral genes are transcribed into RNA molecules, which serve as genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation into viral proteins. The viral proteins include capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in the cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER). Vesicles transport the glycoproteins from the ER to the cell’s plasma membrane. Capsids are assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase molecules. New viruses bud off from the host cell.

b. HIV is an incurable disease that relies on coreceptors to initiate host cell interaction and proliferates by utilizing the host cell’s own machinery to reproduce new virus. We will more deeply explore the mechanism in which HIV virions infiltrate and deceive our host cell. In addition, we will discuss current treatment and research that are in the process of finding a highly coveted cure.

Recent studies suggested that CD4 domain specific monoclonal antibody such as mAb (15A7) and Ibalizumab have a great revolution in HIV-1 treatment area. The majority of previous mentioned treatments constitute to either restore the immune response or decline the plasma vireamia, however, this type of treatment is more likely to interfere with the HIV-1 structure. Before explaining how this category of drugs works, it is necessary to clarify the reaction between HIV-1 glycoproteins and CD4. Once the virus enters the body, HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120) attaches to a cellular CD4 receptor. As CD4/gp120 is formed, it allows gp120 to attache to chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) or CX chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) allowing gp41, another viral envelope molecule, to insert into the target cell membrane leading to fusion the viral envelope and cellular membrane (Christopher et al., 2010). Ibalizumab is CD4 domain-2 monoclonal antibody using as an effective treatment to enhance the CD4 counts. In a study which set out to determine the antiviral efficacy of Ibalizumab on HIV-1 positive patients not on (ART), (Christopher et al., 2010) found that the CD4 counts increase after one day of drug initiation even before the viral load decline. This suggested that the rise of CD4 counts is possibly due to redistribution of CD4 cells from lymphoid tissues rather than regeneration of these cells. Notably, niegher

For the first row, the results can back negative because that was the control. The second column was positive meaning for this control this is what a positive would look like. Now from the third column this donor serum is just negative for that antibody and the fourth row would be a positive for HIV antibodies.

There have been 4,043 reported diagnosed cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (HIV) per 100,000 populations. Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks a specific white blood cell called T- helper cells which are used to fight off infection. As the virus destroys the t- helper cells, it replicates, destroying the immune system of the individual. Individuals who have the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection will have to constantly take medication to suppress the spread of the disease. If left untreated it will become very difficult for the individual’s body to fight off the virus resulting in death.

function that selectively infects helper T cells” (545). My goal in this paper is to show the advances

The concept of protein domains and motifs has dominated the first half of this course. Discuss the relevance of protein domains to the following topics:

The structural components encoded by env include the envelope glycoproteins: outer envelope glycoprotein gp120 and transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 derived from glycoprotein precursor gp160. Components encoded by the gag gene include core nucleocapsid proteins p55 (a precursor protein), p40, p24 (capsid, or “core" antigen), p17 (matrix), and p7 (nucleocapsid); the important proteins encoded by pol are the enzyme proteins p66 and p51 (reverse transcriptase), p11 (protease), and p32 (integrase). [22,32,33]

The adaptive immune response is the response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, it functions through a series of steps aimed at limiting or destroying a particular antigen. T and B cells primarily mediate the responses of the adaptive immune system as they obtain the characteristics of specificity and memory. There are two classes of adaptive immune response; humoral immune response and cell mediated or antibody immune response. In order for the adaptive immune response to know when to respond, how

T cells respond and send signals the immune system when there has been an invasion. So when your body recognizes a particular antigen it delivers it to the lymph system, where it is taken in by a macrophage. Then the macrophage processes the virus and displays the antigen for that virus on the exterior. This is how antigen then signals T cells for help. After that a B cell responds to the T cell signal and activates millions of antibodies to that certain antigen. These antibodies are released to attach to the virus particles very tightly. The antibodies then send a signal to other macrophages to come and destroy the antibody. In the final step of the immune system, the immune system brings in the suppressor T-cells. Once the number of antibodies has decreased the infection has been resolved. HIV affects this process by infecting the T cells directly. The T cells once infected by HIV can no longer do their job and are destroyed by the HIV replication

C. The virus is transmitted through oral or genital sex or even by French kissing.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is serious public health problem worldwide. HIV weakens a person’s immune system by infecting the body’s T cells. ("About HIV/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC", 2016) HIV also attacks and kills CD4 white blood cells, which play an important role in protecting the body from infections. ("Immune System 101", 2016)

In the thymus, where the maturation of lymphocytes occurs after both positive ( cells which capable to interact with MHC-II or MHC-I, can only survive) and negative selection (removing any cells have affinity to bind with self MHC-II or MHC-I). However, any cell escaping from the negative selection will tend to increase the risk of auto-immune disorders. Then these mature cells which are identified as naïve T cell (inactive T-cells) are located in the secondary lymphoid organs after the circulating migration from the thymus.

Glycophorins contain high carbohydrates which link to polypeptide chain through O-glycosidic linkages either to serine or threonine residues and N-glycosidic linkage to asparagine residues of the protein4. Human has 15 linkages of O-glycosidic and 1 of N-glycosidic. The carbohydrates and the protein play important role in the antigenicity. If they are different then they will have different antigenic behavior. Two genes within the human glycophorin family, the GpB and GpE, are homologous to the GpA gene. These genes encode the GpB and GpE proteins which have the same functions as GpA protein. The difference between GpA, GpB, and GpE proteins is that GpE carry less blood group antigen than the other two.