Impact Of Modernisation Of Ireland

The British have reigned over the Irish so long and so cruelly that they have left Ireland in “state of dependence” psychologically, politically, and economically. In other words, the “ideology of Protestant consumption” has “actually eroded” the self-confidence and sense of worth of the Irish so badly that it has left Ireland a nation unable to sustain itself (Mahoney). England is eating up Ireland. But this tribulation cannot be blamed solely on the British. Swift cleverly condemns the British aristocracy for their mistreatment of the Irish people while also criticizing the Irish people for allowing this exploitation.

This culminated in the Rebellion of 1798, lead by Wolfe Tone and the Society of United Irishmen, in which Hugh and Jimmy participated: “The road to Sligo. A spring morning. 1798. Going into battle” (445). But, as these characters soon discovered, the rebellion failed resulting in large executions and the passing of the Act of Union in 1800. This piece of legislation, effective from 1 January 1801, brought Ireland under the direct rule of the British Crown.

     Nineteenth-century Ireland was the most densely populated country in Europe: in 1800, its population was 4.5 million, and by 1841, it had risen to eight million (Kinealy 15). Yet much of this population existed in condition of sorrow and misery lay in the dependence of the peasantry on just one staple crop, the potato; in western countries like Mayo and Galway, nine-tenths of the people ate nothing else (MacManus 602). Here was a disaster waiting to happen, made worst by the rapid rise in population in the first half of the century which forced the peasants to subsist on smaller plots of land (O Grada, The Great Irish Famine 63).

K.H. Connell, in his paper “Land and Population in Ireland, 1780-1845”, describes and explains the significant population growth in Ireland prior to the famine of 1845 and how the uses of the Irish land changed with the population growth.

In the early 1500s, religious tension grew under the reign of King Henry VIII. England, Scotland, and Ireland intensified in their differences. Scotland was staunchly Calvinist, while Ireland was radically Catholic. England was strongly Catholic, however, it contained a large protestant minority. Henry VIII invoked political, religious, and economic strife when he separated from the Roman Catholic Church, commenced the dissolution of the monasteries, and appointed Thomas Cromwell to maintain order. Although the administrative and oppressive ruler, Henry VIII, and his aristocratic supporters may deny the harmful and corrupt impacts of these aforementioned decisions, the government was clearly guilty of being inept at providing security, abandoning

The Extent to Which England was a Protestant Country by 1547 In this essay, I shall be exploring the extent of how Protestant a country England was by 1547. The differences between Protestantism and Catholicism form a solid base in order to understand the situation in 1547 and decide which religion became more popular. Traditional Catholic beliefs rested on seven Sacraments: Baptism, Penance and Reconciliation, Last rites, Holy Orders, Marriage and the Eucharist. They believed in ‘Justification by Good works’.

The flaw in the Dodd’s concluding religious change as the primary motivation of rebellions in both England and Ireland during the Tudor rule, is that religion had no presence in any rebellions before the 1530’s. During the reign of Henry VII it was never expected religion would become a major cause as prior to the turning point of Henry VIII’s reformation the Church in England was a loyal part of the Roman Catholic Church headed by the pope for nine hundred years. This was evident as Before Henry VIII ascension to the throne, his father Henry VII faced seven rebellions, four of which were dynastic. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that religion only became a cause for rebellion after the split between England and the Papacy in Rome alongside the Supremacy act being

By 1714 the Whigs political party came to power in England and wold stay in power until 1727. IN 1720 the British House of Lords passed a law that stated the Irish House of Lords were subordinate the them. This law also stated that the Irish House of Lords could not mint their own money, make their own laws or have any judicial or legislative authority in their own country. During the 1700's the English restricted the export of wool and wool products from Ireland they also restricted Ireland's trading with the rest of mainland Europe all while increasing the import of English good to Ireland. This lead to the decline of agriculture and the increase in unemployment. Soon the Irish people were dependent on potatoes and pigs for survival but

Clearly, a large portion of the turmoil experienced during this type could be put down to the changing government of the period. Though democratically elected and in more direct control of the Irish nation, the Home Rule government what the Irish called the Free State in its first years was not as responsive to the people as some desired (Ferriter, n.d.). An effective civil service providing for many needs was set up, but the ruling party and government experienced internal strife over significant differences of opinion throughout this decade (Ferriter, n.d.). The government was a democracy, but a very young democracy, and with all of the problems that this youth entails in a newly freed and democratically empowered nation and population.

In 1559 Elizabeth I (1533-1603) was crowned Queen. Elizabeth sought to find a middle ground during her rein (1558-1603) in England, by allowing both Catholics and Protestants to worship without fear of any repercussions. However, Gilbert (1976) that ‘Elizabeth I and her successors had legislated to make Anglican worship compulsory’ (p. 4). By introducing the Act of Uniformity of 1559 it laid out the rules of worship that both religions were to follow and reissued the Book of Common Prayer for use in worship. The Thirty-Nine Articles of 1563 also set to define the doctrine of the Church of England which set out a middle path between the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church and the Protestants (Wolffe, 2008). By the end of Elizabeth’s I forty five year reign, the majority of people in English society were Protestant. As the older, mainly Catholic members of society had died through old age (Christianity in Britain, 2011). Knight and Mason (2006) describe a dissenter during

During this time it is clear that many changes were occurring in Ireland, a land that was once dominated by tradition was now becoming a modernized country. Where then does

It was turbulent times for England during the 17th and 18th century. England was in an unquenchable thirst for more power. “During the 17th and 18th century, England was determined to subdue all lesser countries, especially Ireland” (Stevenson, 28). At the time, England was the dominating country, looking to expand their influence across the world. War broke out constantly as the conquest for more land continued. Moreover, war was constant with the three kingdoms, England, Ireland, and Scotland. Revolts in each kingdom also affected the country’s ability to participate in the war. As

Henry VIII was the King that would change England’s religious system and make it his legacy. The religious system would carry on after his reign and become the predominant religion of England. The question is: How did events connected to key historical figures during Henry VIII’s reign cause for a permanent shift in the religious system of England? This question will be answered by analyzing events related to key historical figures during Henry VIII’s reign. These events will not be a biographical representation of any one historical figure, but relayed in connection to the topic of this paper in order to provide an answer for the essay question. This method is being utilized because it provides an analytical perspective, while also providing a personal appeal by tying the facts in with historical figures. History is not just facts, it is a story, and like any good story it should pull a reader in and make them interested. The historical figures utilized will be Katherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, and Thomas Cranmer due to their direct correlation to the change in the religious system of England. The sources utilized were chosen and implemented in relation to how they encompassed concepts related to historical

“Why did a rebellion by the Kildare Fitzgeralds occur in 1534, and what were its consequences? “ The rebellion by the Kildare Fitzgeralds occurred in 1534, it is said that was in a fact a turning point in the history of the relationship between both England and Ireland. There were a number of factors that were said to have led to the rebellion, one of which was the tensions between the Gaelic Irish, Old English and the “New English”. At this time, the island was made up of two elements, the Gaelic Irish and Old English. As the sixteenth century progressed, however the expansion of Ireland of the structure of the English state, the ethos of which was so different from that of the Gaelic and gaelicised communities, promoted friction between Irish and old English.

The Irish had suffered long before in the hands of the English when Cromwell had been in control and had taken away land held by the catholic majority of the country to members of the protestant minority. This created a large tension among the population with the oppressed majority and the rather entitled minority who by Trevelyan’s snooty tone did indeed see themselves as the superior people in the country. (Trevelyan’s tone is probably the most dismissive when in discussion of the Irish, mayhaps showing his own true dislike.) (Trevelyan, p. 116-