Implementing Refinement Techniques Essay

“The majority of this testing is for research into finding cures for human diseases, notably AIDS, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease” and “Common factory farming methods include confining animals in small windowless cubicles, feeding animals hormones to improve the flavor and texture of their meat and milk, and limiting exercise and interaction with other animals.” Animals are being used for the benefit of human

In order to make certain that the animals are treated in a humane and ethical way, researchers are regulated and monitored by various government agencies. The US Department of Agriculture is responsible for enforcing the Animal Welfare Act and conducts unannounced inspections of research facilities. If the research is a grant recipient, the National Institutes of Health would be responsible for the regulation as well. The American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) is responsible for setting the standards for research institutions. Any institution that conducts research is required to have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) that reviews research protocol,

The idea of animal rights has been around for centuries. Even decades ago, people were taking action for the welfare of animals. Marc Bekoff and Ned Hettinger share this idea all the way back in 1994 when they said that there is evidence that scientist are concerned with animal welfare by acknowledge that they use the guidelines in place to protect animals during research, in order to have their work published (Bekoff 219). Guidelines are the basis for the moral and ethical treatment of animals. Each person may have his or her own standard, but having a standard among the entire population ensures the welfare of the animals. Unfortunately, these standards are not at a level to where the animals are being protected. Many animals in captivity are treated in ways that would shock the average person. Orcas for example, are starved until they do the desired task (Cowperthwaite). This form of operant condition can lead to success, but often leads to resentment and hostility towards the trainers.

The project, the individual and the institution must all have spate licences from the home office if animals are to be used in research. The institutional Licence application is very important as there are many things to take into account. The institution must show that any animal used or intended for use in a procedure shall be provided with accommodation and an environment with at least a small amount of freedom for movement, food, water and care to keep it healthy. ASPA details minimum requirements for this to ensure animals are not put under any unnecessary stress or harm. Although some researchers may say this is not absolutely necessary, it is in fact in their best interest to keep animals as healthy as possible as it will improve the reliability of any results that come from the procedures performed (Home Office,

“Animals undergoing testing can be subjected to torture and suffering” (Humanity, 2017, p. 1). Some animals may be cured of their ailments and diseases, but not all. In some cases, the animal dies do to the treatment. Humane treatment of the animals is a valid concern, so the use of them in experiments has been greatly regulated. “This has led to the 3Rs campaign, which advocates the search (1) for the replacement of animals with non-living models; (2) reduction in the use of animals; and (3) refinement of animal use products” (Hajar, 2011, p. 1). The Animal Welfare Act was signed to protect certain animals from cruel treatment, but the animals chosen for testing aren’t covered by this act. Many people believe that animal testing is unethical since animals are

This same type legislation could easily be implemented in all states for the protection of those horses in need of similar protections. Other groups to be considered are the scientific communities themselves. Technicians involved in animal care, veterinarians, researchers in animal husbandry could participate in the implementation of ethical principles that would coincide with the” 3Rs” policies of horse protection.

In conclusion, the benefits of responsible animal research are justifiable when lives can be saved in the masses. The ethics of animal research also will continue to improve as methods such as the 3Rs and enriching their environment. Even if there are those against it, the impact of these discoveries was what improved public health and medical research and made it what it is

Ever since the late sixties and early seventies, animal research has been under fire for what they do. This is mainly due to the changing perspectives on the

Before presenting a few successful alternatives, there have been many laws passed to prevent many of the issues involved in animal testing. The 3Rs alternatives refer to the reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use in research, testing, and teaching. The concept was developed by Russell and Burch in a 1959 book entitled “Principles of Humane Experimental Technique”. The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) requires that minimum standards of care and treatment be provided for certain animals (USDA). Meaning companies need to treat and house the animals to “tolerable” environmental situations, enough to where they aren't dying from starvation or lack of space in an enclosure. Unfortunately this law does not include rats or mice. This act was passed in 1966 along with many other regulations passing in the regulations in laboratories in 1985, and most recently another law added to the Animal Welfare act in 2013 (USDA). Despite the segregating the animals and being widely flawed, it does show that there are laws being passed and represented and the animal rights activists who fight hourly and tirelessly, hard work is paying off in the long

“There stands an authorized requirement for documentation searching for substitutes and an explanation to why these substitutes were not found to be suitable or how substitutes were incorporated into the experimental design.” “The American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Foundation has helped to improve animal welfare by funding grants to study diverse means of animal practice.” (Harm and Suffering)

Every research laboratory is required to have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, consisting of research experts, licensed vets and members of the public. This committee is in charge of reviewing and accepting the use of animals. They are also in charge of watching the care and use of those animals by studying the laboratories, keeping track of the programs and responding to any additional concerns.

According to the AWA, laboratories are required to have Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, or IACUCs. These committees consist of at least three members, one of whom must be a veterinarian and another whom must be unconnected with the facility. In order to make a decision, two of the three in the group must vote in favor of the decision. Facilities have begun to take advantage of this system by hiring their own veterinarian to work for their company and employing one of the members of their facility as the third member of the committee (“Laws and Regulations”). The facility is then able to take advantage of a technicality in the AWA and make any decisions they feel necessary. This system is blatantly ineffective in regulating the experimentation of animals.

Developing use of creatures in the examination ventures has attracted more thoughtfulness regarding their welfare and morals encompassing this practice. Scattering of data about the current moral thought and choices in creature tests has two vital capacities; to start with, it builds the scientist 's attention to the conceivable techniques for utilizing creatures as a part of the test, and second, to guarantee that potential clients know about the built up options. For instance, enactments established in numerous nations amid the 1980s express that research facility creature applications ought to be decreased, refined and supplanted wherever conceivable as indicated by standards of the 3Rs. In this way, researchers around the globe attempted to apply the 3Rs in their biomedical examines with respect to welfare of the lab creatures. Be that as it may, the Qur 'an, the sacred book of Muslims, furthermore Hadiths contain the compulsory approaches to keep and treat creatures since their disclosures. As per Islamic perspective, creatures speak to Allah 's capacity and astuteness, and people must focus on their wellbeing and living conditions. A few Islamic original copies express that creatures have their own particular position in the creation progressive system and people are in charge of providing negligible offices and their welfare.

Should it be absolutely necessary to test something on an animal? Whereas the number of animals being tested should be limited! BBC states that the three R 's (reduction, refinement, and replacement) are a set of principles that scientists are encouraged to follow in order to reduce the impact of research on animals. Harry Harlow’s did not even consider any of these principles as was clearly shown in his experiments!

The principle of the 3R’s derived from support of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare for Russell and Burch’s Principles of humane experimental technique (1959) to be published (Bayvel). The 3R’s work well in combination with many organizations on-site, nationally and worldwide that monitor research for best practice.