Implications For International Banking Of Adopting The Proposed Basle 3 Regulations

Financial crisis has been regarded as one of the most important issues in recent years, especially after the previous financial crisis during 2007-2009. As the impact of the financial crisis is growing, the way to restrain and prevent the financial crisis has become the main research direction. This essay is going to analysis the improvement of the financial market, thereby preventing and suppressing the occurrence of the financial crisis. Firstly, the background of the financial crisis will be introduced. Secondly, the main contributing factors of the financial crisis in 2008 are going to be discussed, for example, subprime mortgage problem, financial innovation problems, credit rating agencies problem within financial market. Thirdly, the role and influence of the Basel Accords are going to be analyzed, particularly looking at changes of capital adequacy through Basel I, II, and III. In the end, the relationship between Basel Accords and financial crisis are going to be explored, going through the Basal Accord’s impact on the financial market. Some of the main points of this essay are going to be summarized in the conclusion such as Basel Accords are helpful for stabilization of the financial market.

The primary financial indicator is the roce which has shown an increases to 53.4 % in 2012 from 52.09 %. But, if the capital employed included the new £300m committed bank facility that yet drawn down at the financial reporting, then the roce show a fall to 42.07 %. The group might understate their long term liabilities.

1. a) A bank has risk-weighted assets of $175 and equity of $12.5. If regulators require a minimum risk-weighted capital ratio of 5% given the current level of equity, how many new assets with a 100% risk weight can the bank add? How many with a 50% risk weight? b) If the bank had 20% more equity, how many new assets with a 100% risk weight could the bank add? How many with a 50% risk weight? How does having more equity affect a bank's ability to grow? How is this growth affected by the riskiness of the bank's assets?

Accordingly, banking regulators assessed minimum values for each of these key measures. At 2007, “adequately capitalized” (i.e., minimum) levels were 4% for the Tier 1 capital ratio, 8% for the total capital ratio, and 3% for the leverage ratio; “well capitalized” levels were 6% for Tier 1 capital, 10% for total capital, and 5% for leverage. Well capitalized banks qualified for, among other things, lower premiums assessed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Undercapitalized banks (e.g., below the 8% minimum required total capital) received a warning from the FDIC; continued violation of capital requirements triggered further regulatory costs, including intervention or (in the extreme) takeover by government regulators.

True. I believe risk management has become one of the primary concerns for bank management. Banks deal with an overwhelmingly large number of exchange securities, for example, ( loans, treasury bills, forex trading, ect...) This causes bank managers to have skills to properly analyse and manage what securities they trade and what type of contracts they enter into, ( such as in hedging etc...). If banks do not shift their focus on such new financial instruments they might go bankrupt as a result of excessive risks in such securities. Hence the focus of bank supervision has shifted to risk management, rather than on capital requirements. Although both are key to running a successful bank.

The three types of capital mentioned in chapter 18 are, equity capital, economic capital, and regulatory capital. Equity capital, economic capital, and regulatory capital were established a capital standard for banks. Equity capital is defined as the book value of assets less the book value of liabilities. Furthermore, equity capital is also said to cushion debt and equity holders from unexpected losses. Regulatory capital includes the subordinated debt and some adjustments for off-balance sheet items. This is also different from economic capital, which is a statistical estimate of risk and capital, it also reflects the bank’s estimate of the amount of capital needed to support its risk-taking activities; it is not the amount of

According to Barth, Prabha, and Wihlborg (2014), the capital adequacy regulation can result in rapid increase of compliance costs. What’s more, Volcker Rule prohibits proprietary trading, which can damage bank’s hedging capability and threaten bank’s profitability. Those extra regulatory burdens caused by the Act makes it less desirable to be too large.

Investment Banking is now at a crucial junction, where Investment and Commercial Banking are splitting up due to the ring fence which is being built around these two banking areas. As well, the new upcoming regulation, Basel III, will have a huge impact in the investment banks, with higher liquidity and capital requirements, in order to increase solvency and stability in financial industries.

We all know from our course that leverage and liquidity risks of financial institutions are vulnerable to the crisis. The financial crisis that emerged in 2007 had many and varied causes, but one of its most

Managing debt levels to maintain an investment grade credit rating as well as operate with an efficient capital structure for its growth plans and industry

Basel III is another law implemented that will place additional strain on Banks. Basel III is a set of reform measures, developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It is a framework used to strengthen risk management and a banks ability to absorb shocks from financial and economic stress. Basel III implemented new tier 1 capital requirements, new minimum leverage ratio requirements and new liquidity coverage ratios requirements. Community banks enjoyed a small victory by delaying the final implementation requirements for Basel III to March 31, 2019.

This focus on resiliency also included stress tests that the American banks undergo to determine their ability to deal with things such as, “a sudden jump in the unemployment rate of 4 percentage points, or, a sudden decrease in GDP of more than 6 percentage points, and an abrupt rise in the BBB corporate bond spread” (The State of American Banking). Through these stress tests, it can be concluded whether or not the individual banks are making the correct decisions in the challenging financial circumstances, or whether the government needs to step in and alter legislations or practices.

The primary measure used by regulators and analysts to measure a bank’s capital strength is the Tier 1 capital ratio. Analyzing this ratio indicates the strength and the bank’s ability to

The course project involved developing a great depth of knowledge in analyzing capital structure, theories behind it, and its risks and issues. Before I began this assignment, I knew nothing but a few things about capital structure from previous unit weeks; however, it was not until this course’s final project that came along with opening

This chapter is about the background of 2007-2008 financial crisis. The 2007-2008 financial crisis has a huge impact on US banking system and how the banks operate and how they are regulated after the financial turmoil. This financial crisis started with difficulty of rolling over asset backed commercial papers in the summer of 2007 due to uncertainty on the liquidity of mortgage backed securities and questions about the soundness of banks and non-bank financial institutes when interest rate continued to go up at a faster pace since 2004. In March 2008 the second wave of liquidity loss occurred after US government decided to bailout Bear Stearns and some commercial banks, then other financial institutions took it as a warning of financial difficulty of their peers. In the meantime banks started hoarding cash and reserve instead of lending out to fellow banks and corporations. The third wave of credit crunch which eventually brought down US financial system and spread over the globe was Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy in August 2008. Many major commercial banks in US held structured products and commercial papers of Lehman Brother, as a result, they suffered a great loss as Lehman Brother went into insolvency. This panic of bank insolvency caused loss of liquidity in both commercial paper market and inter-bank market. Still banks were reluctant to turn to US government or Federal Reserve as this kind of action might indicate delicacy of