Importance Of Accounting For The Masonry

Steel frame structures are made as the name suggest from steel, the material is strong and flexible. When weight is added it bends without cracking. Another characteristic of steel is that its plasticity or ductility, meaning that when force is added it won’t crack however it will lose shape therefore giving warning for people to evacuate the building. A disadvantage of steel is that is loses strength when subject to fire. Studies have shown that it can loose up- to half its strength when subject to fire, therefore making it imperative to cover the steel with boards or spray on.

ACI 318-63 requires that the minimum ratio of longitudinal bars shall be at least 1.0%. Also, The vertical center-to-center spacing of the lateral ties shall be one of the smallest of: (1) 16 longitudinal bar diameters to restrain longitudinal bars from buckling, (2) 48 tie diameters to ensure sufficient tie area to restrain the lateral displacement of the reinforcing bars, and (3) the least lateral dimension of the column to develop the maximum strength of the concrete core. As shown in Fig. 1, The dimensions and steel reinforcement details of the columns involved in this experimental program were particularly selected to represent relatively older columns. In this experimental program, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, ρl, was constant

Christopher Columbus, a well-known name, he has a monument in his honor. This is made to memorialize him and his voyage to the Americans. What else is there to consider when creating a monument? Obviously just any person or situation cannot have a monument, this would make them meaningless and too common. Monuments are to memorialize, remember great or not-so great times in the world. There are three main pieces of thought that have to be put in before creating a monument.

Furthermore, when the millennium bridge opened within the first weekend around 100,000 people had crossed the bridge. Due to such heavy traffic, this lead to something called resonance. Resonance is when the input vibrations frequency coincides with the natural frequency of the structure itself, causing large deflections to develop. The issue caused the bridge to undergo a swaying movement; hence led to its closure. After extensive research and analysis, it was found that the movement was caused by synchronized pedestrian footfall. To prevent this there were two options taken into account the lateral stiffening and the damping; both were used in order to increase the natural frequency of the structure so it did not match the footfall. In addition structures called fluid-viscous dampers and tuned mass dampers were installed to control both horizontal and vertical movements.

As the human body ages, it becomes more fragile. America’s infrastructure is nearly the same. With the everyday use of many large structures, such as bridges, buildings, and other large structures made of concrete and/or steel, many are beginning to wither away while the average American is unaware of these changes. In many projects around the world, there is a material that is being commonly used to strengthen structures known as Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP). The types of structures that this material can help to strengthen includes, but is not limited to, reinforced concrete columns, bridge girders, steel structures, and cable

Today, some building codes may require a more rigorous structural design methodology than is associated with conventional construction. This requirement may result from a need for better building performance when the structure is exposed to moderate-to-high wind, seismic, and snow loads. An example of published

The 12th century Gothic builders were the first to discover how to construct great buildings were their stability depended upon knowing how to transmit the thrust through specific parts of the structure, the buttresses that formed its skeletal and the ribs not upon the thickness of their walls. The result was a dynamically stable architecture capable of building

The original WTC 7 was a steel-frame building of 47 stories. The building was 190m in height with a footprint of 43m width and 100m length. The building was composed of four tiers, which include the firs 4 floors consisting of lobbies, the 5th and 6th floors were mechanical spaces, between the 7th and 45th floor belonged to the tenants, and the 46th and 47th floors were used for heavy loads. WTC 7 was supported by perimeter and interior columns as well as caissons that were fixed in prior decades alongside new owns. The building’s 5th floor served as the structural diaphragm, where it provided adjacent stability and transfer of loads between the old and new caissons. The structure above the 7th floor was a usual tube structure meant to withstand lateral loads. The tube structure contains columns in the perimeter as well as the core.

This study aims to develop life-cycle cost functions (LCCF) for typical reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings located in Mexico City by training an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The total expected cost includes the initial cost and the cost of the damage caused by possible ground motions at the site of interest. The present value of the cost includes: initial cost, repair or reconstruction cost, cost of damage to the contents, costs associated to the loss of life or injuries and economic losses. The damage index induced by earthquakes is associated to the maximum interstory drifts (MID), and for this purpose the structural performance is evaluated using probabilistic models. The occurrence of earthquakes is assumed to be modeled by a

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was designed for a wind speed of 100 miles per hour and a static wind pressure of 30 pounds-force per square foot but unfortunately the bridge failed at a wind speed of less than half and a static wind pressure of one-sixth (Delatte, 2009). This phenomenon raises a big question mark on how this is possible. At first, resonance was suspected to be the main cause of the bridge failure (The New York Times, 1940). After some proper research and thorough investigations by engineers, they came up with several theories on how did the bridge collapse. The primary cause of the collapse lies in the general proportions of the bridge and the type of stiffening girders and floor. The ratio of the width of the bridge to the length of the main span was so much smaller and the vertical stiffness was so much less than those of previously constructed bridges that

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.

We already told about some of the history of the Eiffel tower, and this investigation only focus on a structural analysis to help us to understand an application of statics on a daily basis.

Superstructure bears the load that is being passed over the bridge and it transmits the forces caused by the same to substructure. Load received from the decking is transferred on to the substructure by Bearings. They also distribute the load evenly over the substructure material as it may not have sufficient strength to bear the superstructure load directly. Piers and Abutments are the vertical substructures which transfer the load to the earth in the foundation. Wing walls and returns are constructed as the extension of

This research study was fomented by the desire to reduce the aspect ratio of long span glued laminated beams. Additionally, the architectural style beam has the possibility of providing the necessary fire protection for the steel while being an extremely aesthetic alternative for exposed structures. The steel beam with a timber web would also be a good candidate for stringer highway bridges with a glulam deck intended for secondary roads. These bridges could be rapidly installed with a minimum of skilled labor decreasing road closure

The role and required skills of the structural engineer within the built environment is continuously changing and expanding day by day. To meet the demands from clients, structural engineers have to incorporate additional facets into structural design which includes aesthetic, environmental, economical and sustainability issues. One area where additional ‘value’ can be offered is in fire resistant design of a structure, particularly after world trade centre disaster due to fire.