Importance Of Hydroxyapatite

The objective of the experiment “Keeping it Liquid” was to figure out what it takes to keep a compound in a liquid form which caused a phase change. A phase change is when a substance changes from one state or phase to another. There are three main phases that normally occur and they are called Evaporation, Deposition, and Melting. Evaporation is where a liquid changes to a gas. An example of evaporation is when water drops form on the glass of a cold drink on a warm day. Deposition is where a gas vapor goes directly into the solid phase without becoming a liquid first. An example of Deposition often occurs on windows during the winter months. While Melting is where a solid turns into a liquid. Melting occurs when ice turn into a liquid when

The first step is the separation of the solid crystals back into separate ions, a positive ammonium ion and a negative nitrate ion. The break these ionic bonds requires a lot of energy which means heat must be taken from the surrounding water. The second step the water molecules, which are H2O, are attracted to the ions and attach themselves to the ions. The second step actually causes heat to be produced to the surrounding liquid mixture. .Even

A mineral compound known as Hydroxyapatite (HAP) or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is the primary inorganic component of hard tissues, like bones and teeth, found in humans and other vertebrate animals [1]. One of the most known properties of HAP is that it is bioactive. It has the capability to assimilate in bone structures and reinforce bone ingrowth and osseointegration. However, it is thermally unstable and putrefies at temperature ranges between 800C-1200C. Also, the mechanical strength of HAP is not that good making it unsuitable for long-term load bearing applications. [2] It is tough but very brittle and weak in tension [3].

It can be artificially attained by increasing the kinetic energy of some solutions to allow more solute to dissolve into the solvent; then if a disturbance is created (either by a seed crystal, or an impurity in the solution) the excess solute will fall out of solution. A similar effect can be seen by carefully cooling distilled water, such as in a water bottle, down past the freezing point, carefully removing it from the freezer, and then tapping the container to cause the whole thing to freeze at once.

The lanthanides used in the experiment were Europium, Erbium, Ytterbium, Thulium, Gadolinium, Neodium, Lanthanum, and 2,2 bipyridine were used in addition with a lanthanide to grow crystals (1). To grow quality lanthanide organic crystals a method to grow them has to be used and the method chosen in our experiments were evaporation by room temperature and the seed crystal method (1). Slow evaporation crystallization technique requires one to prepare a saturated solution of the compound (lanthanides and 2,2 bypyridine) in a suitable solvent(ethanol) in a clean container. Container should not be completely covered because the solvent has too had space to evaporate (1). The seed crystal method difference is when a seed crystal which is a crystal made previously from the compound start the spontaneous growth of crystals. Stoichiometry helps you figure out how much of a compound you will need, or maybe how much you started with. We want to take the time to explain that reactions depend on the compounds involved and how much of each compound is needed. The Stoichiometry for the compounds is calculated for each compound used to create crystals (1,2,10). The compounds are weighed on an electronic

Titanium is used in orthopedic implants, dental implants and prosthetic appendages are also made of it. Biocompatible and accepted by the body, this is an element that has proven reliable enough to replace human bone. The characteristics that attribute to successful cellular response include it’s surface texture, binding sites, and the fact that it is hydrophobic. When titanium is exposed to air it naturally covers itself in a encasing oxide film. Before the titanium implant can be placed and used inside of the human body the surface atoms must be removed by exposing to it to high temperatures, this gives it a fresh surface that is oxidized instantly. Within seconds of contact with air a layer of titanium dioxide covers and protects Ti from

Anorthosite, which often used in tombstones and kitchen countertops, was formed from specific formation called crystal settling of magmatic differentiation. The earlier-formed minerals of the cooling of magma such as olivine and pyroxene are denser which sink toward the bottom of the magma, and the lighter minerals such as plagioclase feldspar floating to the top of magma during cooling.

I observed the crystallization.

In this lab, the solvent was the distilled water and the solute was the sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate. Within each test tube we dissolved sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate with water to create a solution which was either saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated. Saturated is when the solution contains the maximum amount of solute therefore the dissolving equals the crystallization. Unsaturated is when the solution contains less than the

Crystals were collected in a Buchner funnel, washed with alcohol, then ether, then transferred into a sample tube for storage.

It was reported that coating the metal implant with hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca5(PO4)3OH, via plasma spray could significantly improve the

It was originally polyacrylic acid and has changed over to polyalkenoate cement. This had been used for permanent cement for cast restorations, stainless steel crowns, and orthodontic bands. This maintains its versatility as a nonirritating base under composite and amalgam restorations and intermediate restoration. The chemical makeup for polycarboxylate cement comes in a liquid made up of polyacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid and water, while the powder is made up of zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, and different reinforcing fillers. When mixed accordingly, it is similar to zinc phosphate cement in terms of solubility and tensile strength. The pH increases rapidly as the material sets, and 24 hours later, it causes it to become similar to zinc phosphate, but is less irritating to the pulp. It is supplied in a squeeze bottle or calibrated syringe-type liquid dispenser, which can be mixed on a nonabsorbent paper pad or a cool, dry glass slab..

Synthetic Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate whose stoichiometric formula corresponds to Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 with calcium-to-phosphate ratio is 1.67, it is the most stable phase of various calcium phosphates. It is stable in body fluid and in dry or moist air up to 1200°C and does not decompose and has shown to be bioactive due to its resorbable nature. It is similar to bone mineral and is widely used as a filler, spacer and bone graft substitute. Synthetic Hydroxyapatite can be prepared in either dense or macroporous forms. Porous HA is osteoconductive (The phenomenon of new bone

The colloidal ettringite crystals are formed by a through-solution mechanism in the presence of saturated calcium hydroxide. The presence of calcium hydroxide decreases the reaction rate of aluminates, thus it causes the formation of colloidal sized ettringite crystals. Because, the colloidal ettringite crystals have a high specific surface area and they be able to adsorb water which surround the crystals, and eventually cause interparticle repulsion (swelling). This repulsion incurs an expansion of the

All the other hydration products of cement form discrete crystals that are naturally strong but do not have good connections to the solid phases they are in contact with hence cannot contribute much to the overall strength of the cement paste. C-S-H gel gets the ability of the to act as a binding phase from its nanometer-level structure.