Imported Malaria Cases And Fatality, Uk

Malaria is a very contagious parasite transmitted through mosquitoes to humans. Those at risk are individuals living in areas conducive to the breeding of mosquitoes, especially those that allow the mosquitoes to complete their growth cycle. Everyone is at risk

Malaria has been in existence for thousands of years. Many historical records show that it has affected human civilization greatly by plaguing and causing mass death. The earliest record can be traced back to 2700 BC in China (Cox, 2002). It has been long associated with swamps and insects for hundreds of years but often believed to be the air from swamps causing the plague. The term malaria rooted from two Italian words ‘mala’ and ‘aria’ which literally means bad air. Humanity did not know the true nature of the long thought disease until 1894 when a Scottish physician, Sir Ronald Ross, discovered that it was actually the parasite in mosquito that is causing the malaria.

Malaria has been a major life-threatening disease for thousands of years, and continues to threaten millions of lives around the world. It infects approximately 219 million people each year, mostly poor women and children. What is striking about malaria is the fact that it has the worse effect on those with the least ability to fight the disease. The Republic of Cuba believes that malaria prevention, treatment, and research efforts must be accelerated to eliminate the burden of this disease across Africa, Asia, the Americas, and any country or territory at risk of malaria transmissions.

Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases

Background - Malaria is a water borne disease. It is spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito. It kills many people and reduces a country 's capacity to develop. There are different strategies to combat malaria. Around half the population is at risk of malaria and this disease is active in 106 counties across Africa, Asian and the Americas (see source 3). the global annual mortality from malaria is between 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000 each day. Developing countries are most vulnerable to Malaria and as shown on source 2 Malaria has been spread across many various other countries including in Europe, but these countries have eradicated Malaria.

about 207 million cases of malaria and 80% of cases of malaria in the world are in Africa. There

Malaria has been a huge problem among many developing nations over the past century. The amount of people in the entire world that die from malaria each year is between 700,000 and 2.7 million. 75% of these deaths are African children (Med. Letter on CDC & FDA, 2001). 90% of the malaria cases in the world are located in Sub-Saharan Africa. Once again, the majority of these deaths are of children (Randerson, 2002). The numbers speak for themselves. Malaria is a huge problem and needs to be dealt with immediately.

Also, human population movement from higher transmission areas jeopardizes reintroduction and resurgence in malaria-free regions, and in addition has undermined elimination works in the past. For that reason, it is important to understand the patterns of parasite dispersal in order to target control by pinpointing regions where the imported infections originate from and where they play a part in transmission.

Malaria is an infectious disease carried by mosquitos which is endemic to many tropical and subtropical regions, predominantly Northern Africa. Since 1980, data has been systematically collected in an attempt to expose true Global mortality rates; revealing both positive and negative fluctuations. However since

Due to the factor of climate, the transmission rates thrive in regions when the conditions are right. For example Africa has an average temperature of 33o C, this is the ideal temperature for mosquitos and this causes a high transmission rate, relating to the concentrated pattern that follows the equator. There are many factors which prevents malaria from occurring and from that, transmission rates do not take place. In the subtropical regions, where malaria is most susceptible, mosquitos have to alter themselves to different conditions in order to bypass the obstacles where the transmission cycle will not occur. Firstly, transmission will not occur during cooler seasons such as winter as it will be less prevalent and is generally seasonal. Also deserts- excluding oases, are not at risk as the regions of Sahara and Kalahari become too dry, and also there is insufficient number of moisture which eliminates the survival of the mosquitos. Another Alternative involves countries where transmission have been intervallic through eradication. This is evident in moderate temperature areas such as Eastern Europe and the United States. The need for economic development and public health care have been met as there has been a complete eradication in malaria. The majority of countries that are at a low risk of getting malaria, are still vulnerable but with the introduction of healthcare the chances are low. This is evident when referring to malaria at a global scale as none of these

As stated by Shu et al. (2004), malaria is a “parasitic infection” transmitted by female anopheles mosquito. Decades ago, this infection was once endemic in developed countries such as United States; however, it is now seen to be more localised in tropical region such as Africa (Shu et al. 2004).

The main burden of malaria (more than 90%) is in Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated annual number of deaths over 1 million. Two thirds of the remaining burden hits Brazil, Colombia, India, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam. The country with highest density of malaria cases is the Democratic Republic of Congo. There are no malaria cases in richer regions with temperate and cool climates like Russia.

While the existence of malaria has been eradicated in the United States and from most developing countries around the world, Schwartz and Vinci found that malaria

Figure 1: Malaria endemic areas around the world. Areas where malaria transmission occurs are in red, places that are at risk and malaria transmission occurs infrequently are in yellow, and places in grey is where there is no malaria present (Malaria, 2010).

Malaria is one of the ten most common, yet deadly diseases in the world. It is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of Anopheles mosquito, which is active between dusk and dawn. Malaria occurs in over 100 countries and territories.