Improving HTTP Performance Using Stateless TCP

TCP/IP is a protocol which transfers data across a network. It allows two different computers to communicate well even if they use different codes. Putting both computers into a new common code language which both computers

} close(server_socketfdis); exit(0); } else if (strcmp(kb_msg, "connect\n")==0) { sprintf(msg, "GETLIST"); write(socket_fd, msg, strlen(msg)) ; result = read(socket_fd, msg, MSG_SIZE); msg[result] = '\0'; string y(msg); if( (y[0]-'0') ! = 1) { getclientlist(y); } int Online

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is a set of specifications that allow computers around the world to openly communicate. It is pivotal to understanding and developing computer to computer communications in a network. Each layer plays a role in the process of sending and receiving data. The application layer is the top layer (layer seven) it promotes communication between programs and lower-layer network services. The services at this layer allow the network to decipher a program's request and the program to decipher data sent from the network. The Application layer protocols, programs handles formatting, procedure, security, synchronization, and any other requirements with the network. The Presentation Layer (layer 6) acts as a translator. For instance these protocols decode the jpg/jpeg files sent within the Web server’s HTTP response. So, in the last step (the Application layer) we enter the Web address and it took us to the Web site. This step allows us to see the images and content of the site. The Session Layer (layer 5) regulates and controls the communication between two nodes on the network. It is an ongoing exchange of data between the two and keeps the connection between them for the duration. It keeps the communication secure, detects whether or not the communication has been cut off and if it has it determines where to restart the

3. Maximum packet lifetime needs to be large enough so that the packet and its acknowledgement have disappeared

The internet layer is built up of four core protocols: IP, IGMP, ICMP and ARP. Internet protocol (IP) is responsible for routing, IP addressing and breakdown/reassembly of data packets, address resolution protocol (ARP) is responsible for mapping an IP address to a device on the local network, internet control message protocol (ICMP) provides diagnostic information and error reports on lost packets, internet group management protocol (IGMP) controls who receives IP datagrams in a single transmission. The transport layer is built up of two core protocols: TCP and UDP. Transmission control protocol (TCP) sequences and acknowledges packets sent and their recovery when lost in transmission allowing the computer to make and maintain network conversations where applications exchange data, defined as a connection-oriented protocol meaning the connection is maintained until the programs has finished exchanging data. User datagram protocol (UDP) This is used to transfer small amounts of data when the use of error correction isn’t needed increasing the speed of the transmission, common in multi-player video games as the user will not need to receive packets of past events in the game so the error correction featured in (TCP) would be

The common gateway interface (CGI) is a standard way for a Web server to pass a Web user's request to an application program and to receive data back to forward to the user. It is part of the Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). A disadvantage of a CGI application (or "executable file," as it is sometimes called) is that each time it is run, it runs as a separate process with its own address space, resulting in extra instructions that have to be performed, especially if many instances of it are running on behalf of users The improper use of CGI scripts affords users a number of vulnerabilities in system security.

Unlike MQTT, the publish-subscribe model of CoAP uses Universal Resource Identi er (URI) instead of topics. This means that subscribers will subscribe to a particular resource indicated by the URI U. When a node publishes data D to the URI U, then all subscribers are noti ed about the new value as indicated in D. Since CoAP runs on top of the inherently not reliable UDP, it provides its own reliability mechanism through the use of con rmable and non-con rmable messages [55]. The observers register by using the GET request with a special observe option activated. The subject puts the observer, if it is allowed, in the list of the interested entities and responds to the observer with an immediate state of the resource. After the initial response, each subsequent noti cation is an additional CoAP response sent by the server in reply to the GET request and includes a complete representation of the new resource state [56]. CoAP also enables high scalability and e ciency through a complex architecture, which supports the use of caches and intermediaries (proxy) nodes that multiplex the interest of multiple subscribers in the same event into a single association [57] (see Figure

Also, UDP is connectionless which means that there is no need for creating a connection first before sending out data and have more control over when data is sent out. Because data corruption is a common occurrence on the internet, UDP has a primitive form of error detection but it is not that reliable because it doesn't recover the error it just will be discarded. Even if the network is busy, UDP will try to cram packets in the network and this is a bad strategy because it will cause more collisions. Here where TCP comes, for having certain features that make the connection more reliable. However, it also has a bigger communication over than UDP. TCP's connection is based on negotiating first before doing anything, this known as the three-way handshake. If any error is detected, TCP offers retransmission when a receiver doesn't get a delivery a package. So, it will send it again guaranteeing your data to reach its destination in time and without duplication. Since all the work is done by the operating system, It automatically breaks up data into packets for you. So you just need to sit back and watch the show. Even the debugging is taken care of by your OS and if there are bugs in your OS, then you will face many problems like problems in surfing and downloading contents from the net. I do prefer the TCP service because it does all the work for you

Answer the following questions based on the packet capture that precedes them. You may research any of these on the Internet if you need to do so.

There are two types of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Some of the features that UDP possesses that are not provided by TCP/IP. First, UDP is a connectionless protocol (No handshake), which means packets sent from one node to another without making sure whether any packet may be lost during the transfer. TCP, on the other hand, makes sure to establish a connection in order to send the packets from one node to another without losing any packets. It is also known as handshake process, where nodes synchronize (SYN),

The TCP/IP protocols are the heart and soul of the Internet, and they describe the fundamental rules that govern all communications in the network. The original address system of the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed IPv6 to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. However, IPv6 is not foreseen to supplant IPv4 instantaneously.

Over the next 10 years, we will see a change in technology, and the Internet. Things will continue to progress, and fundamental changes will easily be defined. Technologies have revolutionized how people spread and consume information; these changes will redefine who we are as consumers, merchants, and individuals. With the expansion of computers and the Internet connectivity, people are able to share more of their lives with family and friends. Technology has offered the world so many different services, which include emailing, instant messaging, search engines, blogs, and Wikipedia. These services have changed the way we communicate with others, our knowledge, and the way we conduct business. With the increasing usage of the Internet, developers continue to find ways to improve technology and the way we utilize the Internet. Technology has a wide range of different aspects and concepts, which includes protocols. There has to be rules, and objectives in any and everything we do, and protocols governs communications, errors, detections, messages, and speed. There are three technology concepts behind the Internet, and they are packet switching, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) communications

The two TCP/IP transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP), are very crucial for the smooth operation of network services for both the computer applications and application layer protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP and Telnet. These two transport layer protocols TCP and UDP execute these services via the employment of IP. They use IP in the efficient routing of packets to their respective destination networks (Steinke,2001).The TCP is further noted by Steinke (2001) to be responsible for the provision of a reliable and yet connection-oriented byte-stream packet delivery while its counterpart UDP is noted to be responsible for the provision of a connectionless but rather unreliable packet delivery. In this paper we explain the work of the two TCP/IP transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP). In addition, describe how TCP and UDP manage key functions such as reliability, port addressing, and segmentation.

To yield a more efficacious system, we propose two modifications. The first is to replace the previously employed OTE protocol with a superior one named IOTE and modify it for the sake of compatibility with the system. The second modification would be to conduct the costly exponential operations of IOTE protocol in a pre-processing phase (offline) with the aim of reducing the communication delay in online applications. In this section, we scrutinize these alterations.