Improving The Performace Of Data Aggregation

maximization of network lifetime [8]. This protocol is also divided into two phase: 1. Clustering and 2. Routing of aggregated data. In clustering phase, a fixed topological arrangement is done by sensor nodes. In the data aggregation phase, heuristic is proposed. The advantage is that it provides energy efficiency and network lifetime also be increased.

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.

With the furtherance of computer networks extending boundaries and joining distant locations, wireless sensor networks (WSN) emerged as the new frontier in developing opportunities in order to collect and process data from remote locations. A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized in a cooperative manner. Multiple sensor nodes arranged in proximity to sense an event and subsequently transmit sensed and collected information to a remote processing unit or base station. The nodes are able to communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion. More than 1000s or even 10,000 nodes are expected. Currently, wireless sensor

Sensor network protocols have a unique capability self-organizing. Another interesting feature of wireless sensor networks is that the sensor nodes cooperate with each other. Sensor nodes have an in-built processor, using which before transmission raw data is processed. These features facilitate wide range of applications of wireless sensor networks like biomedical, environmental, military, event detection and vehicular telematics.

when compared with secure foundation of network because of limited energy, the nodes number, storage, Internet bandwidth, communication of sensor nodes and the capabilities of computation. Two main reasons are computation capabilities and low traffic rates. The low traffic rate of sensor nodes can not support battery of sensors to make the network smooth for a long time and devices in the WSN can not support very complex computation to deal with some typical internet attacks. Additionally, Internet attacks can be divided into two types: internal attacks and external attacks. Generally, internal attacks are produced from malicious nodes. On the other hand, when it comes to the external attacks, wireless sensor network are easy to be attacked by several types of external internet attacks, which can be considered to three main aspects: secrecy and authentication attacks, network availability attacks and replay attacks.(p135, denial). Although many traditional techniques that have been used to resist various kinds of attacks, there are still remain serious problems in security of WSN. As a result, it is necessary to come up with the most effective approach to handle the Internet attacks in time because the faster development of technology, the more security problems. For these reasons, the prevention of

The main goal of geographical routing is to use location information to define an efficient route search toward the destination. Geographical routing is very fitting to sensor networks, where data aggregation technique is used to minimize the number of transmissions send to the base station by eliminating redundancy among data packets from different sources. The need for data aggregation is to minimize energy consumption changes the computation and communications model in sensor networks from a traditional address paradigm to a data centric paradigm, where the content of the data is more significant than the identity of the sensor node that gathers the data. In data paradigm, an application may send a query to enquire about a phenomenon

Wireless Network Sensors (WSNs) [4] has offered a lot of Intelligent Systems which require minimum expenditure with least labor services. WSNs works entirely on sensors which sense physical as well as environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, pressure, noise etc. We have come along with lots and lots of services in Industrial monitoring, health care monitoring, and environmental monitoring using WSNs. I came across an interesting journal of Intelligent Parking Lot Application using Wireless Sensor Networks by Sangwon Lee, Dukhee Yoon and Amitabha Ghosh, 2008.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of low cost sensor nodes depolyed in parking area. These sensor nodes form a multi-hop ad-hoc network by wireless commnunication.

Abstract—In wireless sensor network (WSN), many novel architectures, protocols, algorithms and applications have been proposed and implemented for energy efficiency. The efficiency of these networks is highly dependent on routing protocols which directly affecting the network life-time. Cluster formation in sensor network is one of the most popular technique for reducing the energy consumption and expand the lifetime of the sensor network. There are various cluster formation techniques used in wireless sensor network. In which, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is simple and efficient optimization algorithm, which is used to form the energy efficient clusters with optimal selection of cluster head. The comparison is made with the well-known cluster based protocols developed for WSN, LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) and LEACH-C as well as the traditional K-means clustering algorithm. A comparative analysis shown in the paper and come to the conclusion based on some parameters.

Energy Consumption: Sensor Nodes are subject to battery power. Sensor networks are set on hostile situations so supplanting the battery is unfeasible. Consequently energy preservation and administration is a basic issue to determine in wireless sensor network.

In many application areas, the wireless sensor network must be able to operate for long periods of time, and the energy consumption of both individual sensor nodes and the sensor network as a whole is most important. Thus energy consumption is an important issue for wireless sensor networks. Figure 1 shows the architecture of wireless sensor network. It consists of one sink node (or base station) and a (large) number of sensor nodes deployed over a

The collection of sensor nodes by enabling cooperation, coordination and collaboration among sensor nodes is formed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN); the WSN consists of multiple autonomous nodes with a base station.

nowadays sensors are anywhere. We take it for granted, however there are sensors in our cars, in our clever telephones, in factories controlling CO2 emissions, and even inside the ground tracking soil conditions in vineyards. while evidently sensors were around for a while, research on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) commenced returned within the Eighties and it's miles only in view that 2001 that WSNs generated an elevated hobby from commercial and research perspectives. This is due to the supply of less expensive, low powered miniature additives like processors, radios and sensors that have been regularly included on a unmarried chip (system on a chip (SoC)).

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is comprised of multiple tiny devices called nodes or motes. These are distributed spatially in an environment to monitor sense and compute data wirelessly. The role of a sensor node is to evaluate different tasks. First, a node has to sense physical conditions and exchange the information with other nodes after computation. Second, it plays the important role of being a relay for different sensor nodes [1],[2],[3],[4]. These nodes can mount anywhere in the environment [2]. With recent advancements in the field of electronics these devices are becoming cheaper and smaller and are being employed in both indoor and outdoor environments. Applications include agricultural monitoring, household and military surveillance, industrial automation and robotics, and healthcare [3]. A sensor node, shown in Figure.1 is a low power device and consists of five different components namely [5], [12]