In Making The Case For Securitisation, Scholars Establish

We live in a country where all children go to school to gain an education and 25% of them will go onto receive some type of college degree. Compare this to low-income countries, in which children are 16 times as likely to die prior to their fifth birthday (Nickitas, Middaugh & Aries, 2016). Beyond the lens of our smartphones, Facebook friends and Nike sneakers is a world full of desperate people wishing to have enough food to eat for today. Many parts of the world lack sanitation, safe housing, sparse medical care and no medication. The global health issue are everyone’s problems not only for the sake of altruism but, with the increase in global travel for routine business and pleasure, dangerous pathogen are no longer confine by boarders. The Ebola outbreak four years ago, proved the necessity of a global solution to global health issues. The collaborative practice of several world health agencies and economically developed countries along with the use of volunteers, statistical updates, the latest literature and practices kept this outbreak mostly contained to its region of origin and the death toll to approximately 11,000 people (mainly in West Africa) (WHO,

Leonard Beaton similarly argued for the need to expand conceptions of security outward from the limits of parochial national security to include a range of systemic considerations. Likewise, Stanley Hoffman argued for the need to begin ‘turning national security into an aspect of world order policy’. Hedley Bull argued against excessive self-interest in approaches to national security, and for a broader view in which common interest and linkage among securities receive greater attention. More generally, Krause and Nye observed that ‘neither economists nor political scientists have paid enough attention to the complexity of the concept of security, including its instrumental role in the enhancement of different values’. The Brandt Commission called for a new concept of security that would transcend the narrow notions of military defence and look more towards the logic of a broader interdependence. The common theme underlying these voices was that a notion of security bound to the level of individual states and military issues is inherently inadequate.

The author gives an example of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Taiwan, where 131-132 people were placed under quarantine but only 12 people were found to have cases of SARS. SARS cases continued to climb in both Taiwan and China after the use of quarantine. The quarantine must be effective at protecting the public’s health. The effectiveness of quarantines is based on social characteristics, such as whether population accepts the quarantine or not, biological characteristics (like transmissibility, duration of infectiousness, the recovery rate), and individual characteristics (like wearing mask, avoiding public gathering). For example, the use of quarantine for SARS was unnecessarily harmful if not completely ineffective (Annas, 2006). Benjamin Franklin and George Annas argue that,” Those who would give up an essential liberty to purchase temporary security deserve neither liberty nor security” (Wynia,

In recent years, Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone have launched major healthcare initiatives in order to expand and improve access to services. However, the state of health systems for the last 20 years is difficult to overcome. Liberia and Sierra Leone were each embroiled in civil wars until the mid-2000s. Porous borders and a shared diamond belt meant that their conflicts were often shared, as political strife, violence, looting, armed forces, and refugees moved to neighboring countries. , Guinea in particular was on the receiving end of refugees. During that time in all three countries, health systems were uniformly poor, with under-staffed and under-resourced facilities, significant health disparities, and almost no systematic infectious disease surveillance or control.

Border Control has been a somewhat delicate issue since the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, where countries such as the US have been infamous for introducing more harsher airplane and airport security, which marked the start of a new wave of security measures, fear and a whole new war on terror, many suggest that closing or tightening borders is a sign of weakness of the power of the state (Mary Bosworth, 2008) but in recent times, it has been a subject that has had heated discussion by areas of the government and bodies such as the UN, with the current terrorism issues currently plaguing the world, it has been a topic with heated debates on what measures need to be done, what are extreme measures, and the issues that come with either.

Government officials in Africa argue the inefficient response during the critical threshold and the amount of money spent on establishing an American health care system parallels the imperialism movement and has left the countries vulnerable to future outbreaks, indebted and currently still unprepared. The monetary “loans”, less than half of which actually reached affected countries last year failed to educate the public (Duval). This raises the question of owing money that was not distributed to tackle immediate threats but attempted to repair years of corruption and unstable health care

This research paper will shed light on the issue of Homeland Security. For many countries including the United States, Terrorism and national security have always remained one of the biggest challenges. This research essay will critically analyze as to how the homeland security of the United States has dealt with the threat of future terrorist attacks since its inception in 2002.

Care of people with Ebola is difficult and varied due to the highly infectious and often fatal nature of the disease. For instance, care can occur through traditional healers, the home, primary health care facilities and hospitals (Manguvo, A & Mafuvadze, B 2015, p. 2). Where a individual seeks care depends on the level of trust in the healthcare system, accessibility and abundance of healthcare facilities, financial and economic stance and cultural beliefs (WHO 2016). There was considerable difference in the ability of health care services to deal with infectious diseases due to scarcity in supplies and training. When the Ebola epidemic began in 2014 Sierra Leone 's government health care system was built on rigid foundations. There were scant resources, limited infrastructure, poor training on infection prevention and control and a severe shortage of health care workers with a ratio of 1.9 workers for every 10,000 people. (Michaels-Strasser et al. 2015, p. 61). The lack of IPC training lead to ‘health care workers being 100 times more likely than the general population to contract Ebola’ (Ratnayake et al. 2016, p. 2). When healthcare workers became infected colleges became frightened further reducing community trust in the healthcare system.

The outbreak engulfing three countries in West Africa began in Guinea when a toddler contracted the virus from eating an infected bat in an impoverished village where bushmeat is a dietary staple – again highlighting the disparity in living standards and socio-economic status between core and peripheral nations. Infectious disease like Ebola have mostly been exorcised from developed countries because a basic level of health is ensured through the government, private sector, or social agency. Unfortunately, the poor in Guinea avoid seeking aid because they cannot afford to, as discussed above. Also, fear of and lack of trust in authority prevents individuals from seeking medical attention – this distrust has stemmed

The Fundamental Problem with our Response to Bioterrorism is not Inadequate Legal Authority. It is that Health Departments do not have Adequate Political and Economic Support.

Internationally, there are consistently mass spreadings of diseases especially in indigent countries. Just in the previous year there has been an outbreak of ebola and without these diseases being controlled, they will continue to spread and terminate mass hoards of people. In the past, quarantines were issued, sanitation was enforced, and health regulations were established. In the face of the black plague during the 14th century, the quarantine was ineffective due to the lack of control and coordination of the disease. Yet, when there was an outbreak of the disease in Indiana in 1994, it was able to be controlled within 2 months. In regards to sanitation, the need for safe water and hygiene is still a major problem. Many diseases are the source of dirty drinking water and poor sanitation. Organizations, such as the International Health Regulations and World Health Organization, were set up to take measures towards controlling these

The 2014 epidemic was the first truly transnational outbreak of Ebola, the longest in duration, and the first with a human case diagnosed on American soil. (Wilson, 2015, 1) This was a pivotal moment of global health, as it occurred at the formal end of the UNMDGs, some of which aimed to improve health conditions in vulnerable countries. (Wilson, 2015, 3) These and other MDGs were set back by this epidemic, (UNDP 2014) exposing the role that chronically weak and underfunded public health systems played in disrupting perceptions of global health security. In an epoch characterized by neoliberal globalization, vulnerabilities caused by interdependency between the Global South are easy to identify, producing discourses of explanation,

By the early 20th century the world was weary from two world wars and had endured countless epidemics and pandemics (bubonic plague, yellow fever, typhus, cholera, smallpox, influenza. ). After World War II, the Communicable Disease Center was established in Atlanta, Georgia in 1946, now known as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, under “CDC Timeline”). Two years later the World Health Organization (WHO), formed “out of the UN’s desire to have a single global entity charged with fostering cooperation and collaboration among member countries to address health problems” (Evert 2006, 7).

Introduction: For centuries we have seen some of the worst illnesses like smallpox, bubonic plague, and black plague stricken many countries, and decimating the world population, and since the post-war era the USA has been the leader on investing on scientific Research and Development. However, now due to budgetary constraints, while the threat of more infectious illnesses becoming endemic is a possibility, the investment is being reduced. This action by the government is of great concern when the World Health Organization, the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system, is sharing

Overview: Years ago diseases could be securely confined to an area, or place without fear of it turning into a global epidemic. Instead, do to advancements in technology a person who lives in Taiwan can spread an illness to someone that lives in Rome in a matter of days. The idea is that the illness becomes a borderless disease (Ritzer 331). It transcends any man made boundaries and can often have devastating results. People are extremely vulnerable to sickness and disease than ever before. According to Nobel Laureate and pandemic researcher Peter Doherty, “The swine flu virus was in Australia, before it could be identified in the United States” (“World Affairs”). A disease that was quickly circulating in the United States had already traveled to another country before it could be identified. This alone showcases how helpless people are to communicable diseases.