In recent years, the design and the fabrication of satisfactory air monitoring systems have been a

This memo proposes the observations and claims I collected from reviewing three different lab reports. Three fields of study are composed within this memo that includes Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Petroleum Engineering. “Electrical Filters,” (Electrical), written by Joe Schmoe, is a lab report made by a student at a university. The College Board produced an environmental lab report named, “Monitoring Air Quality,” (Air), for the purpose of student education as a lab template. Monitoring Air Quality was written by Dr.

The mote’s size makes energy management a key component. The circuit will contain circuits, a temperature sensor, and A/D converter, microprocessor, SRAM, communications circuits, and power control circuits. Sensors work together with the IC, which will operate from a power source integrated with the platform.

The EPA denotes the criteria pollutants as carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide, as such, monitoring and control efforts must focus on these criteria pollutants (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2017). Subsequently, sensors allow for real-time monitoring of not only these pollutants but also these sensors provide vital statistics related to natural and manmade quality standards, trends, and hazardous, which are both emitted and circulating. Notably, sensors prove invaluable to federal, state, and local agency efforts to monitor the long-term and short-term standards of said pollutants. The “short-term standards are designed to protect against acute, or short-term, health effects, while the long-term standards were established to protect against chronic health effects” (EPA, 2017, para. 3). Equally important, sensors prove essential in monitoring factory emissions, car emissions, and agricultural emissions, which without their use such important data would remain unfounded.

Air quality is one of the most important environmental problems, since it has a major impact on the health of a large section of the urban population. Carbon monoxide (CO) can cause harmful effects on human health as it reduces the oxygen supply to various organs of the body. Exposure to lower levels of carbon monoxide is very serious for those who suffer from heart disease and can cause chest pain while recurrent exposure may contribute to additional cardiovascular disease. Even healthy people can be affected by high levels of carbon monoxide. People who breathe in high levels of carbon monoxide can develop vision problems, reduce the ability to work or learn, reduce the manual ability, and difficulty in performing complicated tasks. At very high levels, carbon monoxide is poisonous and can cause death. [1-5]. Consequently, the effects of carbon monoxide on human health are significant and reinforce the need for appropriate measures to adequately control the pollution of the environment. For this reason, recording, studying and predicting carbon monoxide concentrations are necessary.

By tracking air quality, Toronto will be able to map areas of high pollution, identify polluters, and understand how these changes happen over time. All smart city applications related to understanding pollution require some sort of sensor to measure air quality. There are generally three

Although good indoor air quality is critical to human health, there are still 4.3 million premature deaths per year from related illnesses [4]. Major sources of indoor pollution include cigarette/tobacco smoke, biological contaminants such as molds, insects and dander, by-products of combustion from stoves and furnaces, formaldehydes and other volatile organic compounds, asbestos and radon [2]. Luckily, eradication of these pollutants can occur through several methods. A major requirement to improve poor indoor air quality is first controlling the source of pollution [2]. Following this, both improving ventilation and air cleaning should aid in suppression of indoor pollutants [2]. Maintenance of indoor air quality is easy once identified, but ambient air quality is not so easy. Ambient air quality refers to the state of the air outdoors [2]. Good ambient air quality is necessary for the maintenance of essentially every living organism [2]. There is an abundance of negative environmental and human health effects that occur from poor ambient air quality [5]. Three factors greatly influence air pollution; emission sources, weather conditions, and topography [6]. Emission sources are the most influential, as they control release of particular pollutants in high volumes [6].

For this purposes, air quality monitoring is carried out. It is regular and continuous collecting of information about air quality to prevent with pollution associated hazards. Usually as monitoring technical solution automated measurement stations are used. They measure concentrations of various substances in air in nonstop mode – ranging from gaseous pollutants, like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone, to particulate matter. Results are compared to according normative to determine if actual pollution is threat or not. However, one thing is to control individual substances – other is actual impact, caused by synergy of different pollutants and environment factors. Latest research shows that there are hidden threats called cumulative effect – synergy between different pollutants and environmental factors which produce greater impact on living organisms than same substances in separate action. For example, ozone mixing with other pollutants

The electronic nose innovation offers a different approach to gas detection in a quick and non-dangerous way. The possibility of Enose was first proposed by scientists from warwick college in mid 1980s. the idea use three metal oxide gas sensors to recognize smells and scents. Most gas sensors incorporate metal oxide, polymer, acoustic wave and MOSFET. Metal oxide sensors are largely insensitive to humidity due to the fact that they are operated at high temperature. We also have the zNose which is based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor. It identifies volatile compounds by detecting the mass change in a piezoelectric impact. The eNose has been widely used to examine food quality and to predict expiration date of food. For example, the eNose innovation has been turned out to be viable in identifying decay in different processed food such as bread, wheat, hamburger, poultry feed, and grains.

The sensor must be able to detect a change in air quality such as temperature and humidity. A wireless network connection will be required so that data can be submitted to a webpage which will be constantly updated via a live stream.

In general, the air pollution sources are categorized into mobile sources and stationary sources. Stationary sources are mostly industrial complexes such as factories and electric generating plants. Mobile sources are vehicles, on- road, off-road. The quality of the indoor air also plays a significant role as far as health is concerned. However, the awareness among the public in this aspect is increasing, and they have started realizing the issues that arise with poor indoor air quality (IAQ). This is applicable both to workplace and homes.

Power consumption is the main problem in designing circuits or devices now a day. Since so many years the researches are going towards the progression of this issue. One of the progressive technique is SOTB technology. By using this technology, we will design a 16-bit digital signal processor by using 65nm SOTB CMOS circuit or device. The chip of DSP takes very less power consumption 282μW at the initialize voltage 0.55V and operation frequency 200MHz. The main aim of this project is to design a processor such that it requires very less power to operate and also to dissipate less heat during and after the process so that the performance of the circuit is increased. SOTB process is type in SOI (silicon on insulator) technology. The silicon-on-thin-buried-oxide (SOTB) CMOS is a strong candidate for ultralow-power (ULP) electronics because of its less instability and back-bias control. These advantages of SOTB CMOS enable power and performance developed with given Vth control at ULV and can achieve ULP operation with acceptably high speed and low leakage. These characteristics are suitable for such new applications as energy harvesting sensor network systems, and long lasting wearable computers.

With proceed in technology,these sensor networks collected of little and price efficient sense devices set among wireless broadcasting transceiver for atmosphere monitor have turn into reasonable. The key benefit of using these little devices to examine the surroundings is that it does not require communications such as electric

Applications of low-power integrated intelligent sensors [1–8] have been prolific in recent years, including, for instance, in environmental observation [9–11], security surveillance [12, 13], infrastructure monitoring and communication [14–17], and biomedical health care monitoring [18–21]. In particular, as the baby boomers approach retirement age, medical expenses become significant. For example, in 2014, health care accounted for 28% of US federal spending [22]. One major problem with current health care systems is that sensing and processing medical data require significant resources. To alleviate this problem, wearable medical devices [23–27] are expected to provide automatic monitoring and

Applications of low power integrated intelligent sensors [1–5] has been prolific in recent years, for instance in environmental observation [8–10], security surveillance [11] and infrastructure communication [12], and biomedical and healthcare monitoring [6, 7]. In particular, as the baby boomers enter retirement, medical cost becomes significant. For example, in 2014, health care accounted for 20% of federal spending in the U.S. []. A major problem in current healthcare systems is that sensing and processing medical data require significant resources. In order to alleviate this problem, wearable medical devices are expected to provide automatic monitoring and processing of physiology signals, and more importantly, identifying abnormal signals and contact medical systems for help if necessary, as shown in Fig. 1. Although such sensors usually have wireless data communication capability through body area network, due to limited battery power supply, sending raw sensed data is usually not an option. This is because that in a wireless sensor, usually radio communication power is much higher than signal processing power []. Thus, it is expected that the sensors are capable of providing preprocessing of raw data based on DSP algorithms and just sending the processed results. Such sensors are called ”intelligent sensors” []. Besides the capability of signal processing and wireless communication, low power, high accuracy, high reliability, and small footprint are also listed as

Late advances in micro-electro-mechanical frameworks and low power and exceedingly incorporated computerized hardware have prompted the improvement of micro-sensors. [3]wsn is a developing data innovative progressions in micro-hardware and system correspondences. It structures a sagacious network