In the United States, great efforts have been made to reduce morbidity and mortality from tobacco

The smoking cessation was witnessed by the author throughout her placement. This was used on a daily basis in the community by district nurses, health visitors, but especially by the general practice nurses as being incorporated in each consultation in the form of advices, leaflets, smoking cessation programs including medication and follow-ups.

This study by Naughton et al. (2014) was conducted to identify the effectiveness of the iQuit program, a self-help program supported by text messaging, as an adjunct to smoking cessation education offered in the primary care setting. The authors report smoking cessation offered in the primary care setting varies widely but research showed the added option of a self-help program for patients produces a cessation rate of as much as twice the rate of those patients who were given only in- office education (Naughton et al.).

3. Preventive Care and Screening for Tobacco Use: Screening and Cessation Intervention – Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older who were screened for tobacco use one or more times within a 24-month period and who had received cessation counseling intervention if they were identified as a tobacco user.

This web site is operated by Moores University California San Diego (UCSD) Cancer Center under the direction of Shu-Hong Zhu, PhD, Professor of Family and Preventive Medicine. It is called California Smokers' Helpline. Members of this center have been trained professionally about caring and helping smokers quit. Most of them have a bachelor’s degree or higher. The center has counselors that can speak fluently in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, and Vietnamese – six languages spoken commonly in California – for helping services. These services are supported by California Department of Public Health, First 5 California, Center for Disease

And results from previous studies indicate that different groups of smokers would have different outcomes in health, and health disparities in smoking cessation exist among smokers currently. Researchers investigate these disparities by race, gender, socioeconomic status, insurance status and so on. Racial/ethnic health disparities is one of the major disparities that researchers found. Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, racial/ethnic minorities are less likely to quit smoking successfully. 1-3. In particular, smokers who are African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos are less likely to be provided advices about smoking cessation by health care providers than non-Hispanic Whites,1 and Hispanic/Latino smokers face more barriers when they attempt to quit smoking.2 Barriers to quitting smoking not only decrease the success rate of smoking cessation for smokers, but it also aggravate disparities among smokers. Undoubtedly, smoking cessation services and advices that provided by health care providers help smokers to quit smoking more successful compared with smokers who rely smoking cessation on themselves. And lack of advice from health care providers increase the failure rate of smoking

Smoking is still a pressing issue for Americans, despite efforts to regulate and lessen tobacco use. One in every five Americans still regularly smokes a cigarette, and those who attempt to quit aren’t utilizing all the assistance resources available to them. With these treatments being more prominent now than ever before, there is evidence that supports the effects of a quitter using aid compared to one who does not. Providing brief interventions about tobacco cessation may encourage more quit attempts and use of appropriate treatments, such as a quit-lines or medication. Despite many efforts, healthcare providers are still failing to provide brief interventions to patients, which therefore exposes flaws in a healthcare-based strategy to drive

Egan's also goes on to explain that during smoking cessation a RT could follow the 5 A's, of smoking cessation “Ask if they are smoking, Advise to quit, Assess willingness to quit, Assist by providing a plan, Arrange a follow-up” (Kacmarek et al. 523). The Therapists role now begins to get further involved with the patient, and progresses to shift from educating the patient to counseling the patient. Thus building rapport with the patient and further reinforcing the idea of quitting

Researchers and doctors all over the world constantly discuss smoking problems. There is an incredible amount of information offered to people who fight the desire to light a cigarette, on a daily basis. But, as any drug, smoking is difficult to be forgotten, even with all the issues it brings.

Inputs are resources needed to operate the pre-operative smoking cessation program. Inputs usually include the human, financial, organizations, and community resources a program has available to direct toward doing the work (W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 2004). Inputs for this pre-operative smoking cessation program includes: (a) utilizing the clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence, (b) administrative support, (c) physicians, (d) nurse practitioners, (e) smoking status on patient charts, (f) smoking cessation reading booklets, (g) online/hotline resources for smoking cessation and (h) follow-up system. All of these resources are integral part of the pre-operative smoking cessation program and enable activities to take place.

Three evidenced-based interventions for the health issue are mobile phone-based cessation interventions, comprehensive tobacco control programs, and smoke free

Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health concern (Rep., 2011). Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of mortality in the United States, accounting for approximately 1 out of every 5 deaths. On average, smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers. Additionally the estimates for average annual smoking-attributable productivity losses are $96.8 billion and the total economic burden of smoking is approximately $193 billion per year (USDoHaH, 2000). Despite the availability of therapeutic options for smoking cessation, relapse rates remain high (Piasecki, 2006; Pollak et al., 2007). Therefore, there is a need for new, effective, strategies to assist cigarette smokers achieve abstinence.

About 42 million Americans smoke spirits smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the United States and the health benefits from stop smoking outweigh other smoking interventions. Existing smoking cessation programs have high failure rates if no nicotine replacement is being used, however, smokers who use nicotine replacement therapy or more likely to stop smoking than those without. So that brings us to electronic cigarettes a new growing trend which may prove to be an alternative to current replacement therapy products. In the United States electronic cigarettes are being advertised as a safe alternative to tobacco products, even though they are not currently regulated by the FDA. Although, electronic cigarettes have not been proven as a viable alternative to other smoking cessation products, there is evidence people are using them for nicotine replacement therapy. It is estimated that e- cigarettes have become more prolific than any other traditional NRT product. The goal of this research paper is to look at:

This 2013 study by Bullen, Williman, Howe, Laugesen, McRobbie, Parag, and Walker compares electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation. On the negative side, the methods for recruitment included newspaper ads and television program. These approaches may create a sampling bias because sampling only people with access to newspapers and television may not proportionately represent the population. Another concern is the limitation to only one brand of electronic cigarette and one level of nicotine in the patches. If the group included a wider variety of brands and nicotine levels the outcomes may vary. Another key point is all of the participants were offered behavioral support, but the use of the support was not included

Stage-Matched Interventions. Finally, Spencer et al. (2002) examined the evidences supporting the utilization of stage-matched smoking cessation interventions vs. non-stage-matched interventions vs. TTM training for health care providers. It was found that 16 out of 22 stage-matched interventions support the idea that there is a cause and effect relationship between personalized/tailored interventions and positive outcomes. In terms of non-stage-matched interventions, 8 out of the 11 studies demonstrated positive progression to tobacco cessation drawing the conclusion that non tailored interventions are also effective in getting the subject’s closer to quit smoking. Although this sounds promising, the study noted that non-stage-matched interventions are not

Goal –Patient will express an understanding and desire to stop smoking by the end of