In today’s biotech marketplace, oncology leads the therapeutic research and commercial space.

This paper hopes to share insight into the steps that are taken by companies, and the strenuous process behind developing an effective new drug.

Some of traditional drugs may be effective in patients whose cancers have a specific molecular target, and not for other patients. To solve this problem of patient-specificity, pharmaceutical research have seen the expansion of individually tailored cancer treatment, which is an application of targeted therapy, and this is where biopharmaceuticals are. As an increasing part of the population is diagnosed with cancer and as these patients live longer, increasing care will be given to patients who have received these drugs. Moreover, in the case of cancer therapy, those drugs and especially with mABs are a promise of less side effects : recombinant DNA technology makes it possible to genetically engineer an antibody to reduce the risk of host immune response.

Many doctors, physicians, researchers and biotech companies--including the revolutionary Seattle Genetics research facility--are now turning to antibody-assisted cancer treatments and precisely targeted cures instead of treating cancer with a cocktail of chemicals and radiation that generate risky side effects and damage the healthy tissue that patients need to recover. Cancers are among the most frightening and difficult-to-treat illnesses. Ranked as the leading cause of death and disability, cancer is actually an umbrella term that covers many different diseases. Each person faces a unique disease because cancers interact with the body's existing cells, so each case has a

A team from the Brazilian university says the experimental drug binds with tumor cells and causes the loss of key molecules.

It would attach itself to a cancer cell and aggressively aggravate the body to draw in the bodies’ defenses to all out assault that area. In theory, if you kept the patients immune system going, you could bombard the cancer and not have to worry about chemical side effects. Lots of treatments like chemotherapy weaken the immune system, so this would be an interesting alternative. One would first need to figure out a way to attach a “decoy” drug to the cancer cells and have it be one that the body would want to attack.

In the past, most of the cancer drugs were developed to hinder the growth of tumors. The main strategy was so called “targeted therapies, which interfere with genetic signals that act like accelerators, causing tumors to grow.”1 However, because there are too many pathways and signals that can act as an accelerator of the cancer growth, a single drug was usually not enough to suppress the cancer.

Drug discovery is expensive and challenging. One such challenge is identifying clinically active cancer targets out of a huge number of biomolecules that are known to have a role in cancer initiation and progression. Below I have outlined the key information that should be gathered about a novel drug target, the experiments that are required to validate such a target, and discussed what needs to be considered when deciding whether a target has been validated.

Cancer kills many people a year, but with a single prescription drug, it can stop it. This drug is call pembrolizumab and it was marketed by Merck as Keytruda. This prescription drug can help all kinds of cancers, not just one or two. Immunotherapy drug opens a new era of precision medicine for cancer, many people think of this as a cancer breakthrough. I believe this new drug will help patients who are diagnosed with cancer.

As the world continues to suffer from these devastating diseases, researchers continue to find alternative therapeutic ways of addressing cancer treatment. It is on this premise that various immunotherapeutic alternatives have emerged and currently garnering the greatest level of attention and already raising hope throughout the world in addressing the treatment of NSCLC. However, this can no longer be viewed as a discovery but a wave in the medicine world that began in the 20th century. Various researchers have found the importance of the role of immune systems in fighting the growth of tumor caused by cancer cells. A study by Huncharek (2000) stated that specific immune boosters are capable of eliminating preclinical cancers. In contrast, Jermal et al. (2011) found that immunotherapy is an effective approach for the treatment of tumors that have already turned into solid. Similarly, the researchers highlighted that immunotherapy can be an effective approach to the treatment of melanoma as well as renal cell cancers (Lasalvia-Prisco, 2008). However, Jemal et al. (2011) noted that immunotherapy cannot achieve much in cancer treatment due to limitation brought about by the emission of immunosuppressive cytokines and subsequent loss of antigen expressions. Recent development in research studies on the immunotherapy approach to cancer treatment continues to elicit mixed reactions among researchers of medicinal ecology (Jadad et al., 1996). However, recent development in

Non-human antibodies were used previously which were mAbs based on either murine or chimeric antibodies which had been altered to target human antigens, but because they were non-human, they induced an immune response which led to unsuccessful treatment (Ding W., 2013). These mAbs were also very large in size which lead to limited tumor penetration alongside with poor therapeutic effects which led to advances in the engineering of antibodies including the reduction of immunogenicity and a huge increase in antibody-based drug formation (Fishkin et al., 2014).

Carmolex offers custom-designed libraries and the ability to screen millions of molecules in seconds, making it ideal for the exploration of today’s much wider chemical target space. In combination with a special type of organic chemistry known as MCR, Carmolex can predictably deliver superior molecules, in a vial, ready for testing, in only two or three synthetic steps versus 10 or 12. Having both virtual and special chemistry solutions, positions Carmolex ahead of others who advertise virtual drug discovery

Out of 5000 distinctive molecules are being revealed, very small percentage of these make it possible into clinical trials and only one product gets approval at cost of $1.2 - $1.3 Billion for marketing by the regulatory authority. More than half of all investigational drugs in Phase III clinical

Type of drug: Monoclonal antibody A class of drugs developed to work alone or together with chemotherapy to seek out and attack specific cancer cells.

"There are many different types of chemotherapy drugs, so clinicians may be able to narrow down which ones are likely to be more effective than others. Successful drug delivery and overcoming drug resistance are the primary clinical challenges for management and treatment of cancer. To address this problem, we developed the tumor-microenvironment-on-chip (T-MOC),” said Bumsoo Han, a professor of mechanical and biomedical engineering at Purdue University.

Unlike Gilead that has only one product in its Oncology line, Bristol-Myers Squibb presently have four different drugs namely: Erbitux –an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist for the treatment of Head & Neck cancer and Colorectal cancer,(2) Opdivo (nivolumab) for the treatment of unresectable or metastic melanoma and lungs cancer, (3) Syrcel( dasatinb) for the treatment of newly diagnosed adult with Philadelphia chromosome –positive (ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia and (4) Yervoy (ipilimumob) for the treatment of melanoma a type of skin cancer that spread and as such cannot be remove by surgery. Like Seattle Genetics, the company products use either Antibody-drug Conjugate (ADC) though in a different version by linking potent cytotoxic to monoclonal antibodies targeted to specific tumor cells or immune-oncology, an innovative technology that unlocks the body own immune system to fight against cancerous cells. It also expanded its focus to Nolch inhibitor (used in blocking powerful pathway that promotes tumor cell survival for certain other types of cancer. (Bristol-Myer Squibb, 2014) Because the technology is similar but used differently, BMS would be considered a close competitor who currently has the advantage of having four targeted specific drugs and 12 other oncology and immune-oncology in various trial phases.