Increased Risk Of Invasion : A Large Crop Canopy And Denser Foliage

When relating the information to a wider variety of topics, even though the information was not conclusive, it came to attention that the preference of habitat or food source in sow bugs has a major effect on the areas in which they live and on the organisms survival. Whether it is because of food and/or environmental related issues the fact that the sow bugs preferred to reside in and/or eat the decaying leaves shows that areas with significant quantities of decaying leaves have a chance of being affected by sow bugs. Because decaying matter is a main food source for sow bugs it could be assumed that if sow bugs resided in an area containing decaying leaves, they would also be ingesting them. This would have an impact on that environment. When the sow bugs eat the

As a result of "human emissions of greenhouse gasses," numerous species of butterflies worldwide are facing the risk of extinction (World Wide Fund). Global warming is the gradual heating of the planet, which is triggered by human activities such as pollution from factories, results in climate change around the world (Rogers). Due to climate change, various species of butterflies need to adapt to these changes, but instead, they are dying out due to their sensitivity to fluctuating temperatures (Rogers). In the United Kingdom, scientists predict that “for every 1 °C increase in southwestern Europe’s temperature, some 14 different species of migratory butterflies and moths are forced to make the leap to England to cool off, which means making a long journey over open water” (Rogers). Climate change has required many species of butterflies to leave their migration paths and cross the treacherous oceans; this increases their risk of death

The authors in this article explored the following questions: Firstly, if the constant reproduction of pine beetles in whitebark pine in high elevation is a consequence of their eruption in lodgepole pine or it represent some initial changes in the system due to changes in temperature. Secondly, with changing climatic conditions how insects determine their choices of host plant species. Thirdly, what is the reaction of other natural enemies to pine beetles attack to whitebark versus lodgepole pine? They tested the hypothesis if the mountain pine beetles attack lower defensive host like whitebark pine while expanding their range to high elevations due to increasing high temperatures. Previous research suggests that either whitebark pine should

grandis has indirect negative effects on its surrounding ecosystems by acting as a host to other pests. An example of a pest that benefits from C. grandis plants is Bactrocera cucurbitae, the melon fly (Jackson, Vargas, 2003-11). According to Jackson, B. cucurbitae is a threat to the agricultural production of crops on Hawaii. Coccinia grandis acts as a host for B. cucurbitae eggs and development, and has shown to be a significant factor in the pest establishment of B. cucurbitae, according to Jackson (2003). Coccinia grandis poses a direct threat to Hawaiian ecosystems and native plant species and an indirect threat to the Hawaiian ecosystem, and therefore requires the establishment of an effective control

Global warming due to depletion and climate changes in the boreal forest can also affect the birds that migrate over long distance. This is because the birds may not find food by arriving late during migration. Birds that migrate over short distance arrive about 2 weeks earlier today that how they arrived 50-100 years ago, and the long distance birds arrive early by 3-4 days for the spring (Tarnocai, 229). The insects breeding in the northern areas are also hatching earlier than expected during the spring. Birds always lay eggs sooner if the insects emerge sooner in order to feed their young ones when there is an abundance of insects and caterpillars.

The goal of the study was to quantify the number of darkling beetles in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia, as well as determine their distribution. The amount of beetles and the diversity of the species present increased in areas that were uncultivated due to the importance of maintaining the optimum environment for the beetles. The majority of these beetles are found in arid, desert environments. The beetles are accustomed to harsh environments and have learned to be more active in the Spring when the weather is more moderate and there is plenty of plants for nutrients. The larval stage occurs in the soil where the environment is better. These beetles were able to go a week without food and water; this is important to note because the lab experiment will utilize a limited food supply as one of the

2006). This numerical estimate changes in relation to season (increase in home range during the wet season allows for greater vegetation and food abundance and shorter home range in dry season with decrease in abundance of food) (Swedell 2006).

Some studies and experiments have shown that population growth can be followed with the flour beetle (Tribolium confusum). Studying these beetles for over a month in varying habitats showed there was a dramatic increase in the populations with larger quantities of food, and a much slower growth rate with more space and the space amount of food. The experiment that I conducted provides a direct correlation between the roles of space and food in a controlled study of these differing populations.

The devastating effects of rangeland invasive plants have influencedeffect many natural resources, as well as humans lives, without them knowing about it. The impacts of the invasion vary from place to place. “Invasive plant species have numerous effects on the ecosystem goods and services provided by rangelands” (“Basics of Invasive Species”). The resources that are gathered from rangelands are affectedeffected by the invasive plant species, all of those effects become one great issue that humans need to try and solve. Livestock is one of the major factors that are impacted by the introduction of invasive plants. These unwanted plants “impact grazing lands by lowering yield and quality of forage for livestock, impeding access to desirable forage, poisoning animals, increasing costs of managing and producing livestock, and reducing grazing land value” (Techline News). All of these impacts are the part of a larger ecological impact that can kill livestock, and other plants and animals living in that area. All of these ecological issues create a big enough picture to see what is really going on when one plant invades, the invasions hurt the environment and ecosystem.

Other studies have shown the importance of temperature on reproductive success of certain insects and the implications that

The following diseases and pests have been included in the system for identification and suggesting preventive and curative measures. The diseases included are rice blast, brown spots, sheath blight, rice tungro virus, false smut fungi, bacterial leaf blight, sheath rot and zinc deficiency disease. The pests included are stem borers, rice gall midge, brown plant hopper, rice leaf folder, green leaf hopper and

Different areas affect the species and insects that reside there. As an example, butterflies are affected by their habitat and landscape area. Liivmagi (2014) examined how much area butterflies needed and compared the positive and negative impacts of each area. Their expectation was different than reality, even though there was a positive interaction between the butterflies and the space of the forest, the meadow that’s surrounding the area is negatively impacted by the butterflies. Their results were to conduct the experiment and examine what the butterflies’ needs and what area will they be better suited.

Bag, S., S. I. Rondon, K. L. Druffel, D. G. Riley, and Pappu, H. R. (2014). Seasonal dynamics of thrips (Thrips tabaci) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) transmitters of Iris yellow spot virus: a serious viral pathogen of onion bulb and seed crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 107: 75-82.

Insects in agriculture are a significant dilemma. Some of them are not that dangerous for the crops as others. Rice crops are a target for several insects, but one of the most damaging ones for this plant are stem borers. According to Hashmi “In Pakistan, rice crop is attacked by about 70 species of insect pests and out of these, rice stem borers are by far the most pervasive and injurious insects to rice. These borers vary in severity of damage and population intensity” (Hashmi, 1994). They are an issue for rice farmers because as Hashmi states stem borers are the rice plague. Agriculture needs to be careful with this disease because it can produce a lot of economic loss and damage to the crops if epidemically expands.

Climatic elements have direct effect on the system of animal production, body physiology and animal behaviour, feed supply and quality, proliferation of pests and parasites as well as preservation of animal products (Samson et al., 2011)