Independent Group Design

Over the years the “rate of antidepressant use among all ages [have] seen an increase by nearly 400%...” even though deemed ineffective (Smith). This increase came about after more doctors were given a wider range of prescription rights; this allowed them to access a wider range of drugs, capable of delivering a greater level of high if misused. Patients are often prescribed medications without being fully evaluated, leading to treatments which might not be needed. As a result “‘… at least half the folks who are being treated with antidepressants aren't benefiting from the active pharmacological effects of the drugs themselves but from a placebo effect’ " (Hollon, Smith)which affects a person’s state of mind. The Placebo Effect creates the feeling that an ineffective drug is working because it is supposed to work even if the prescribed medication was a simple sugar-water mixture. The efficiency of antidepressants decrease as the prescriber moves across the classes. They are especially less effective when used to treat serious medical conditions but are often used instead of more serious

A non-equivalent comparison group design will be used. The design is considered a quasi-experimental design, which attempts to control for threats to internal validity (Rubin & Babbie, 2014). This design has strengths and limitations. A strength of the design is that the data can be easily collected before and after participants have completed treatment, as the design allows for a pre-test and a post-test. Results can be easily collected to explain whether treatment is effective among court-mandated offenders who have completed the programs without relapse and, consequentially, if court-mandated treatment is more effective than voluntary participation in treatment. The nonequivalent comparison group design

In our Penny Lab, we wanted to extend what we were told to do with experimental design. We’re doing this because we wanted to prove what he thought our hypothesis had been, and a hypothesis can not be true unless it can be tested. We investigated what variables made the Penny Lab easier, or harder. As a class we decided to investigate variables like, dropping the penny from the same height, and applying the same pressure to the penny for each drop. But first we had to know what variables were, and which variables we needed to use in the experiment. The variables were, the independent variable, dependent variable, the experimental group, and the control group. We investigated this to show how much water a penny could hold, but we introduced

Single-subject design (p. 238) – using just one participate or very few participants to study the influence of a new procedure (2012, p. 238).

4. When separate groups of subjects receive different levels of the independent variable, this is referred to as _(G) Between Subject____________ design.

The one-way between groups, ANOVA is used when you want to test the difference between two or more groups. This is the simplest version of ANOVA. (Crossman, 2013) This could be used for example in a study on the ages of patients on different cardiac medications. Here we are only looking at

Placebos have been used in clinical trials since the eighteenth century but did not become a research topic until the late twentieth century (van Haselen, 2013). Most often when using placebos in clinical trials it is to determine whether or not the active agent has more effect on a patient than the placebo by providing each to the same number of recipients. The trials are almost always double blinded, this means that both person giving the drug and the person receiving it are unaware whether or not it is active so that good care and relationships must be present in the recipients at all times (Tavel, 2014). Ovosi, Ibrahim, & Bello-Ovosi (2017) declared “The choice between placebo and active controls in clinical trials affects the quality of the result as well as the ethical and scientific acceptability by both the public and regulatory bodies. It has, therefore, continued to generate discuss among researchers” (para. 3). This goes against the autonomy of a patient which is the right for a person to

If a person participates in many daily activities, exercises early daily scheduling, has consistently scheduled social rhythms, and partakes in activities with active social engagement, then the person will self-report that he or she is a good sleeper.

The group who took the pill were all the same patients of one doctor with the same problem: aspiring actors with a stutter. The other group given the placebo had a different doctor and they had a speech problem from childhood. It didn't seem like a random assignment. I would like to see what happens if the latter group with childhood speaking problems would have taken the drug. The researchers should have mixed both groups together to make random groups. Random assignment assures that each patient has an equal opportunity to be assigned to either experimental group. This is used in experiments to ensure that differences and similarities between people in the groups don't mess up the results of the experiment. In this study, random assignment was not used. Bias can also be a problem that effects the results. If the researchers already have a bias opinion on what will happen to a certain group when they take the medication then it could easily mess up all the results. Bias is an opinion the researcher or participant may have before the experiment is even conducted and with these preconceived thoughts, it could change the true results. It is a good idea to have a double-blind procedure which is where both the participant and researcher are blind to who is getting the treatment. This helps with any pre-expectations and can help researcher get more accurate results. The results of this

The experiment is an example of a matched pairs design, which is used when an experiment has two treatment conditions and the subjects are paired based on a blocking variable, and within each pair the subjects are assigned to a different treatment randomly. There were a total of 72 children within this lab

Doctors have started to hand out antidepressants to almost everyone who claims to be depressed and in doing so the patient is at risk of becoming addicted to the medication. Approximately one in ten Americans takes antidepressants and they are now considered the most prescribed drug. From 1996 to 2005, the use of antidepressants rose from 5.84% to 10.12%. (WebMD). In a recent study it was shown that for people with mild to moderate depression antidepressants work no different than that with a placebo. (SAVVYpsychologist) “The placebo effect is improvement due to expectations, not to actual treatment. The placebo effect is powerful, and leads to real relief through sugar pills, fake

The groups examined for differences are dependent based on matching or subjects serving as their own control.

There are two types of validities that could happen in an experimental design. These validities are called internal and external (Nieswiadomy, 2012, pg.114). The difference between internal and external validity is that one causes change with the depended variable (internal). While the other causes change to results that are more generalized involving other people and other settings (external).

This might have affected the generalisability of the study. The dose of Sertraline was titrated very slowly over this 6 week period and the study was not long enough to demonstrate a group- time effect and this may have limited the ability to detect an impact of treatment with an active drug before study

Children with ADHD are in need of a group that will help to improve their academic functioning. This group would be important for children with ADHD because those with ADHD have significant impairment in multiple domains of functioning. “The most problematic is academic impairments because children with ADHD will most likely be retained, placed in special education, and drop out of school