India 's Issue Of Kashmir

Disputes over land seem to be a catalyst for almost every hostility and war since the dawn of time. The addition of politics and religion into the matter only serves to aggravate an already tense situation. Kashmir knows this all too well. The conflict between Hindus and Muslims seems to be an ever reoccurring battle. This is also evidenced in population battles. Hindus make up the social majority of the population of India by almost eighty percent. Feelings of tension and uneasiness are a natural reaction to being dominated by a majority and are a problem unto itself.

Modern day Pakistan’s land has traditionally been Muslim for many years. In the early nineteenth century it was ruled by Britain and considered part of the British Indian Empire. In 1947, a partition was granted from the British, and Pakistan and India were created as their own countries. As the previous British Empire divided,

One thing that the world does not always acknowledge, is that many countries have actually been demanding for independence ever since the 1800’s. The partition that created Pakistan was a long and tedious process before it got approved. Before World War II, Great Britain had full control over the country of India and its resources, even though the people were demanding for self-rule for several years. At the time, India consisted of both Muslim and Hindu cultures, and the tensions between the two

Pakistan became independent one day ago when india decleared itself independent from the British empire the following next day. But Kashmir was remaining independent territory until 1949. The histry of Kashmir goes back to seventinth century. Until 1846 kashmir was a part of the Sikh empire but the same year sikh had to fight with the british troops evantually they were defeated by the british. But there was happened an interesting game when the british sold Kashmir to

The book “India, Pakistan and the United States: Breaking With the Past” By Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli asserted that to assure “cold peace" between both neighbouring countries India and Pakistan, Washington must acknowledge ground realities. According to the author threats and withdrawing the assistance cannot help to make Pakistan to change its policies no incentive of any kind can do anything with regard to the policy of Pakistan. The insecurity will prevail due to maintenance of its nuclear programs. The writer further says any measure of punishing Pakistan to roll back on nuclear proliferation would not work no sanction can do any effect on its approach. The Only thing, that can work is enhancing the attention on steps of engaging Pakistan and

Second, they seek to control over a specific territory to operate an autonomous state, where ethno-nationalist pursue the goal of state based on ethnicity, and culture. Third, non-Islamic ethno-nationalist terrorists have less or no connection with international terrorism, and terrorist organizations. states that, "Non-Islamist terrorist groups in Asia and Africa include their local nature, their relative lack of connection to or support from international radical groups, and their persistent failure (Rubin, B., & Rubin, J.,2008)." For example, the Kashmir conflict is a conflict between India and Pakistan, which is related to land, territory and ethnicity. However, it brought ethno-nationalist terrorist activities on both sides beginning in the

Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral,

“Prior to the 1979 Soviet invasion, the government and people of Afghanistan historically had warm relations with India. Following India’s Independence from Great Britain and Partition, Afghanistan saw India as an ally in its increasingly bitter and occasionally militarized dispute with Pakistan over the inclusion of ethnic Pashtuns in the new state of Pakistan. India, like the Soviet Union, extended diplomatic and moral support to Afghanistan in its irredentist quarrel with Pakistan.38 A natural convergence of interests was inevitable between India and Afghanistan as both states realized that they had a common problem in border relations with Pakistan: Afghanistan over Pashtunistan and India over Kashmir (Yadav, 2011).”

Since 1947 when India gained independence from British rule and Pakistan was formed, India and Pakistan have fought over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, a fight which has increased the conflict. The conflict over Kashmir is located in the heart of South Central Asia and shares borders with Afghanistan, China, Pakistan and India. It has a population of 12.4 million. After the Buddhist and Hindu rule, Kashmir was converted into Islam and became part of mogul empire in 1586. After the British rule, Maharaja Hari Singh was unable to decide which dominion the state of Kashmir secede to. The decision was to stay independent. In the decision to control the region, the two countries have been involved in numerous war- the war in 1948 and 1965, the Kargil war of 1999. Kashmir is divided into three regions: one controlled by India, one controlled by Pakistan and a small area controlled by China. The current Kashmir conflict is supposed to be solved through bilateral talks, but both India and Pakistan threatens the peace and security over the region by attacking and killing soldiers over the control of line. Where once Kashmir was beautiful, it is now a state where people live in fear for their lives.

India has a proud rich history, stretching back thousands of years. The name India originates from the Old Persian word Hindu. It is located on the southern subcontinent of Asia. India shares borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, and Bangladesh. India has not always been on the greatest terms with some of the neighboring countries which have led to four different armed conflicts. It has a population of approximately 1.34 billion people. One-third of the land mass that makes up India is coastline. 1858 would mark both a political and economic unification of the subcontinent by the British. The Indo-Pakistan war of 1947 would mark the first of four armed conflict that India would engage Pakistan in. By the end of the Indo-Pakistan war of 1999 both of the neighboring countries, would continue to have other border skirmishes all the way up to present time. Overall since 2003 India and Pakistan’s military have been at an agreed ceasefire agreement. India’s military is credited as have the fourth largest army in the world. The Indian military has been working for many years now to modernize its military equipment to the modern standards of that of other militaries around the world. Even though numbers for the Indian army have been on the rise based off the modernization plan set by its government. The reason for the slow due to the lack of adequate funding. One of the reasons for India’s slow modernization is due to the fact that a majority of the

Jammu and Kashmir is being contested by India and Pakistan as their integral part since 1947. The conflict of Kashmir started at the time of the partition of the subcontinent into two countries, India and Pakistan in 1947. It was decided that the Muslim majority states will accede to Pakistan and the Hindu majority states will go to India. Jammu and Kashmir despite being a Muslim majority state had to accede to India by the virtue of instrument of accession signed between the Maharaja and Lord Mount Batten, the then Governor General of India (Schofield, 2010).The problem of Jammu and Kashmir could have only been solved through a plebiscite which the then Prime minister of India promised to the people of Kashmir and was also upheld

India and Pakistan have fought many wars over Kashmir, and owning Kashmir. India and Pakistan both want the land because it offers a lot of strategical advantage, especially for Pakistan, as they are above India (geographically). However, Pakistan does not have such a strong military force as India and therefore cannot take more than what they already have. The Pakistani’s believe that Kashmir should be part of Pakistan, because around 70% Kashmiri population is Muslim. Whereas, India believes that Kashmir is part of India and should always remain a part of India, because duringh the partition, the king of Kashmir had signed the ‘Instrument of Accession’, that stated that India has control over Kashmir. This is what they’ve believed since 1947 (the partition of India and Pakistan) and so this has been one of the longest conflicts in the United Nations, and also between the 2

Why is it that despite sharing so much in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion, and language, India and Pakistan hold such animosity and bitterness towards each other? Since their emergence as independent states from the British Indian Empire in 1947, India and Pakistan have sacrificed considerable blood battling each other. As part of the independence, India was divided into two separate nations—India and Pakistan. The Hindu states of British India formed the new country of India, while those states with a Muslim majority became part of Pakistan. The violent partition of India and Pakistan resulted in large scale armed confrontations and has sustained a continuous distrust between the two countries. They have been involved in four wars; the first immediately following independence over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, another in 1965 over the same state, a civil war in 1971 that stemmed into the creation of Bangladesh and the Kargil war of 1999 fought in Kashmir. The hostility that remains even fifty five years later instigates questions in our minds as to what lies in the future of the relationship between these two Asian countries. Is there hope for peace in the near future? Is the antagonistic behavior between the two nations reflective of the attitudes of their respective citizens? How has this bitterness affected the recent and current generations of Indians and Pakistanis? And will this continue to affect the future generations?

The partition of India on August 14-15 1947 saw Kashmir become an independent nation like many other princely states. The understanding was that each of these states was to accede to either Pakistan or India based on their geographical position and the wishes of their population. Maharaja Hari Singh delayed his decision in an attempt to maintain Kashmiri independence, a move that resulted in frustration and

The Physical, Social and Mental health are central to life and all of these are deeply interdependent and entwined. Depression, currently ranked fourth among the most urgent health problems worldwide by WHO and predicted to become number two in terms of its disease burden, is more likely to be a result of various experiences like Conflict, Instability, Loss and Experiences of Humiliation, Disruptions, Oppression, Stress etc. Security concerns are dominant in the minds of the Kashmiri people as Deaths, Injury, Disappearances, Arrests, Encounters, Curfews, Rapes, Abductions and many other Abuses and Human Rights Violations are a part of their everyday lives (Syed Amin, 2009). A day in Kashmir starts with the news of Killings, Rapes, Torture, Arrests, Curfews, Assaults and what not, which then is recorded into the Psyche of the people. Everybody is affected from this war-like situation paralleled with a State of Mind wherein Grieving, Insecurity, Oppression, Poverty, Uncertainties of career and relationships are major themes (Asima Hassan, 2013).